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Diseases of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

W. F. Wilcox, W. D. Gubler, and J. K. Uyemoto, primary collators (last update: 5/25/15)

BACTERIA

Bacterial blight

Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos 1969) Williams et al.

         (syn. Xanthomonas ampelina Panagopoulos)

Crown gall

Agrobacterium vitis (Ophel & Kerr 1990)

Pierce’s disease

Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. 1987

FUNGI AND OOMYCETES

Angular leaf scorch

Pseudopezicula tetraspora Korf, Pearson & Zhuang

Angular leaf spot

Mycosphaerella angulata Jenkins

         (syn. Cercospora brachypus Ell. & Ev.)

Anthracnose (Bird’s-eye rot, Black spot)

Elsinöe ampelina (de Bary) Shear

         (syn. E. viticola Raciborski)

         (syn. Sphaceloma ampelinum de Bary)

Armillaria root rot (Oak root rot)

Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) P. Kumm.

Berry rots (Miscellaneous) and raisin molds:

Alternaria rot

         Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl.

                  (syn. A. tenuis Nees)

Aspergillus rot

Aspergillus niger van Tiegh.

Blue mold

Penicillium spp.

Cladosporium rot

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Link

Rhizopus rot

Rhizopus arrhizus Tesher

R. stolonifera (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Lind

Other berry rots and secondary invaders, raisin molds, and rots:

Alternaria geophila Deszew.

Ascochyta sp.

Aspergillus aculeatus Iizuka

Aspergillus flavus Link

Aspergillus ochraceous Wilhelm

Aspergillus wentii Wehmer

Candida sp.

Chaetomium elatum Kunze

Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries

Cladosporium oxysporium Berk. & Curt.

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon

Hormiscium sp.

Hormodendrum spp.

Monilia sp.

Penicillium brevicompactum Diercks.

Penicillium cyclopium West.

Penicillium frequentaus West.

Penicillium stoloniferum Thom

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kreger-van Rij

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Stemphylium botryosum Walker

Torula sp.

Bitter rot

Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Punith.

         (syn. Melanconium fuligineum (Scribn. & Viala) Cav.)

Black foot disease

Campylocarpon fasciculare Schroers, Halleen & Crous

Campylocarpon pseudofasciculare Halleen, Schroers & Crous

Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm) Sholten

Cylindrocarpon liriodendri (Cooke & Harness) Wollew.

Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum Halleen, Schroers & Crous

Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cooke & Harness)

Black rot

Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala and Ravaz

         (syn. Phyllosticta ampelicida [Engleman] Van der Aa)

Botryosphaeria dieback (Black dead arm, Botryosphaeria canker, Diplodia cane dieback)

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.), Ces. & De Not.

         (syn. Fusicoccum aesculi Corda)

Diplodia corticola A. J. L. Phillips, A. Alves & J. Luque

Diplodia mutila (Fr.:Fr.) Fr.

Diplodia seriata De Not.

Dothiorella americana J. R. Úrbez-Torres, F. Peduto & W. D. Gubler

Dothiorella iberica A. J. L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves

Dothiorella neclivorem W. M. Pitt & J. R. Úrbez-Torres

Dothiorella vidmadera W. M. Pitt, J. R. Úrbez-Torres & F. P. Trouillas

Dothiorella vinea-gemmas W. M. Pitt & J. R. Úrbez-Torres

Lasiodiplodia crassispora T. I. Burgess & Barber

Lasiodiplodia missouriana J. R. Úrbez-Torres, F. Peduto & W. D. Gubler

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.

Lasiodiplodia viticola J. R. Úrbez-Torres, F. Peduto & W. D. Gubler

Neofusicoccum australe (Slippers, Crous & M. J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers
     & A. J. L. Phillips

Neofusicoccum luteum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A. J. L. Phillips

Neofusicoccum macroclavatum T. I. Burgess, Barber &Hardy

Neofusicoccum mediterraneum Crous, M. J. Wingf. & A. J. L. Phillips

Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A. J. L. Phillips

Neofusicoccum viticlavatum (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A. J. L. Phillips

Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A. J. L. Phillips

Spencermartinsia viticola (A. J. L. Phillips & J. Luque) A. J. L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous

Spencermartinsia westrale W. M. Pitt, J. R. Úrbez-Torres & F. P. Trouillas

Sphaeropsis porosa (Van Niekerk & Crous) A. J. L. Phillips & A. Alves

Botrytis bunch rot and blight

Botrytis cinerea Pers.

         (syn. Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel)

Brulure

Anthostomella pullulans (de Bary) Bennett

Cladosporium leaf spot

Cladosporium viticola Cesati

Cercospora leaf spot

Phaeoramularia dissiliens (Duby) Deighton

Dematophora root rot

Rosellinia necatrix Prill.v

         (syn. Dematophora necatrix Hartig)

Downy mildew

Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M. A. Curt.) Berl. & De Toni

Esca

Cause undetermined; associated with:

         Fomitiporia punctate (Fr.) Murrill

                   (syn. Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer)

                    (syn. Phellinus punctatus [P. Karst.])

                    (syn. Stereum hirsutum [Willd.:Fr.] Pers.) other Fomitiporia spp. and Phellinus spp.

Esca proper = Esca + Grapevine leaf stripe disease (see Grapevine leaf stripe disease)

Eutypa dieback

Eutypa lata (Pers.:Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul.

         (syn. E. armeniacae Hansf. & Carter)

         (syn. Libertella blepharis A. L. Smith [syn. Cytosporina sp.])

Eutypa sp.

Grapevine leaf rust

Phakopsora euvitis Y. Ono

         (syn. Aecidium meliosmae-myrianthae P. Hennings & Shirai)

Grapevine leaf stripe disease

Phaeoacremonium aleophilum W. Gams, Crous, M. J. Wingfield & L. Mugnai

         (syn. Togninia minima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Berl.)

Phaeoacremonium spp.

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (W. Gams, Crous, M. J. Wingf. & Mugnai) Crous & W. Gams

Leaf blight (Pseudocercospora leaf blight, Isariopsis leaf spot)

Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév) Speg.

         (syn. Isariopsis clavispora (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc.)

         (syn. Mycosphaerella personata Higgins)

Leaf blotch

Briosia ampelophaga Cav.

Leaf spots (miscellaneous)

Asperisporium minutulum (Sacc.) Deighton

Phaeoramularia heterospora (Ell. & Gall.) Deighton

Macrophoma rot

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & de Not.

         (syn. B. ribis Grossenbacher & Duggar)

         (syn. Fusicoccum aesculi = Macrophoma sp.)

Phomopsis cane and leaf spot

Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc.

Phymatotrichopsis root rot (formerly, Phymatotrichum root rot; Texas root rot; cotton root rot)

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert

         (syn. Phymatotrichum omnivorum [Shear] Duggar)

         (syn. Ozonium omnivorum Shear)

Phytophthora crown and root rot

Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet.

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands

Phytophthora cryptogea Pethyb. & Laff.

Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker

Phytophthora parasitica Dastur

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe necator Schw.

         (syn. Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr)

         (syn. Oidium tuckeri Berk.)

Ripe rot

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.

         (syn. Glomerella cingulate (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk)

Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds

         (syn. Glomerella acutata Guerber & Correll)

Rotbrenner

Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (Müll.-Thurg.) Korf & Zhuang

         (syn. Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Müll.-Thurg)

         (syn. Phialophora tracheiphila [Sacc. & Sacc.] Korf)

         (syn. Botrytis tracheiphila Sacco & Sacc.)

Septoria leaf spot

Septoria ampelina Berk. & Curt.

Sour rot

Aspergillus niger Tiegh.

Aspergillus carbonarius (Bainier) Thom

Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus) Shehata et al.

         (syn. Kloeckera apiculata (Reess) Janke)

Candida krusei (Castellani) Berkhout

         (syn. Issatchenkia orientalis)

Candida zemplinina (Kroemer & Krumbholz) Meyer & Yarrow

         (syn. C. stellata)

Metschnikowia pulcherrima Miller and van Uden

Pichia kluyveri (Bedford)

Pichia membranaefaciens Hansen

Saccharomycopsis crataegensis Kurtzman and Wickerham

         (syn. S. vini, Endomycopsis vini)

Acetobacter spp. (bacteria)

Gluconobacter spp. (bacteria)

Verticillium wilt

Verticillium dahlia Kleb.

White rot

Pilidiella diplodiella (Speg.) Crous & Van Niekerk

         (syn. Coniella diploidella [Speg.] Petrak & Sidow)

         (syn. Coniothyrium diplodiella [Speg.] Sacc.)

         (syn. Phoma diplodiella Speg.)

Zonate leaf spot

Cristulariella moricola (Hino) Redhead

         (syn. C. pyramidalis Waterman & Marshall)

         (syn. Sclerotium cinnamomi Sawada)

NEMATODES (PARASITIC)

Citrus nematode

Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb

Dagger nematodes

Xiphinema americanum Cobb

Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micoletzky) Thorne

Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen

Xiphinema vuittenezi Luc, Lima, Weischer & Flegg

Xiphenema spp.

Needle nematodes

Longidorus africanus Merny

Longidorus spp. (pathogenicity not determined)

Ring nematode

Mesocriconema xenoplax (Raski) Loof & de Grisse

         (syn. Criconemoides xenoplax Raski)

Root-knot nematodes

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood

Meloidogyne spp.

Root-lesion nematodes

Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen

Pratylenchus zeae Graham

Pratylenchus spp.

NONINFECTIOUS (ABIOTIC) DISORDERS

Chimeras (sports)

Spontaneous genetic change in meristematic growing points and their subsequent proliferation

         Variegation

         Fasciation

         Witches’-broom

         Leaf distortion

Environmental Stress

Drought, excess water, hail, heat, lightning, salt toxicity, spring freeze, wind and sand, winter injury

Nutritional disorders

Acidic soil sickness (Säureschäden)

         Deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous; excess potassium, manganese, and aluminum

Boron deficiency

Boron toxicity

Calcium deficiency

Iron deficiency (iron chlorosis, lime chlorosis, lime-induced chlorosis)

Magnesium deficiency

Manganese deficiency

Manganese toxicity (see Acidic soil sickness)

Nitrogen deficiency

Nitrogen excess

Phosphorous deficiency

Potassium deficiency (black leaf)

Zinc deficiency

Shriveled fruit

Dehydration

Bunch stem necrosis

         Cause unknown; associated with nutrient supply or imbalances

Sunburn

Berry shrivel (sour shrivel, sugar accumulation disorder, Traubenwelke)

         Cause unknown

Pesticide toxicity

PHYTOPLASMAS

Australian grapevine yellows

Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’)

Tomato big bud phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia’)

Buckland Valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma

Bois noir (= Vergilbungskrankheit)

Bois noir phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’-related strains; Stolbur phytoplasmas group)

Flavescence dorée

Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis’-related strains; Elm yellows phytoplasmas group)

North American grapevine yellows

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’-related strains (Peach X-disease phytoplasmas group)

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’-related strains (Aster yellows phytoplasmas group)

Palatinate grapevine yellows

Palatinate grapevine yellows phytoplasma (Elm yellows phytoplasmas group)

VIRUSES AND VIRUSLIKE AGENTS

Corky bark disease (see also Rugose Wood complex)

Genus Vitivirus, Grapevine virus B (GVB)

Enation disease

Unknown graft-transmissible agent

Fanleaf degeneration (see also Infectious degeneration)

Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV)

Fleck complex

Asteroid mosaic

         Genus Marafivirus, Grapevine asteroid mosaic-associated virus (GAMaV)

Fleck

         Genus Maculavirus, Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV)

Grapevine redglobe virus

         Genus Maculavirusv, Grapevine redglobe virus (GRGV)

Rupestris vein feathering

         Genus Marafivirus, Grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV)

Grapevine angular mosaic

Grapevine angular mosaic virus (GAMV)

Grapevine berry inner necrosis

Genus Trichovirus, Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus (GBINV)

Grapevine leafroll disease

Genus Ampelovirus

         Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1)

         Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3)

         Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 (GLRaV-4)

Genus Closterovirus, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2)

Genus Velarivirus, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 7 (GLRaV-7)

Grapevine graft incompatibility

Genus Closterovirus, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 strain Red Globe
     (GLRaV-2 RG)

Grapevine line pattern

Grapevine line pattern virus (GLPV)

Grapevine little berry

Genus Nepovirus, Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)

Grapevine red blotch

Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV)

Grapevine Roditis leaf discoloration

Possible interaction of Carnation mottle virus (CarMV) and Grapevine virus B

Grapevine yellow mottle

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)

Grapevine yellow speckle disease

Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 (GYSVd-1)

Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 2 (GYSVd-2)

Grapevine yellow vein

Genus Nepovirus, Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)

Infectious degeneration (Infectious malformation syndrome, Yellow mosaic syndrome)

Genus Nepovirus

         Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV)

          Cherry leafroll virus (CLRV)

          Grapevine Anatolian ringspot virus (GARSV)

          Grapevine chrome mosaic virus (GCMV)

          Grapevine deformation virus (GDefV)

          Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV)

          Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV)

          Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV)

          Tomato black ring virusc (TBRV)

Infectious malformation (see Infectious degeneration)

Kober stem grooving disease (see also Rugose Wood complex)

Genus Vitivirus, Grapevine virus A (GVA)

LN33 stem grooving disease (see Rugose Wood complex)

Rugose Wood complex (LN33 stem grooving disease; see also Corky bark disease, 
     Kober stem grooving disease, and Rupestris stem pitting disease)

Genus Vitivirus

          Grapevine virus A (GVA) (association)

          Grapevine virus B (GVB) (association)

          Grapevine virus D (GVD) (association)

          Grapevine virus E (GVE) (association)

          Grapevine virus F (GVF) (association)

Rupestris stem pitting disease

Genus Foveavirus, Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV)

Vein banding

Interaction of Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 or -2 and Grapevine fanleaf virus

Vein mosaic

Unidentified graft-transmissible agent

Vein necrosis

Unidentified graft-transmissible agent (some genetic variants of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus are associated)

Virus-induced grapevine decline

Genus Nepovirus

Peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV) Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)

Yellow mosaic (see Infectious degeneration)