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Diseases of Rice (Oryza and Zizania spp.)

R. D. Cartwright, D. E. Groth, Y. A. Wamishe, C. A. Greer, L. A. Calvert, C. M. Vera Cruz, V. Verdier, and M. O. Way, primary collators (last update: 9/1/17)

ABIOTIC DISORDERS

Herbicide injury

Amino acid-inhibitor herbicides

Chlorophenoxy (phenoxyaliphatic, benzoic, and picolinic acid) herbicides

Chlorophyll/carotenoid-inhibitor herbicides

Delayed phytotoxicity syndrome

       Unknown fungi or bacteria

Glutamine synthetase-inhibitor herbicides

Grass meristem-destroyer (cyclohexanedione) herbicides

Imidazolinone herbicides

Propanil herbicide

Sulfonylurea herbicides

Thiocarbamate herbicides

Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities

Nutrient deficiencies causing color change in young leaves:

       Copper deficiency

       Iron deficiency

       Manganese deficiency

       Sulfur deficiency

       Zinc deficiency

Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities causing color change in older leaves:

       Boron toxicity

       Iron toxicity

       Nitrogen deficiency

       Phosphorus deficiency

       Potassium deficiency

       Salt toxicity

Silicon deficiency

Toxicity-related disorders

Akegare

       Organic acids and toxic gases

Akiochi

       Hydrogen sulfide toxicity

Straighthead

       Cause unknown

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Bacterial blight

Xanthomonas oryzae (ex Ishiyama) Swings et al. pv. oryzae (ex Ishiyama) Swings et al.

       (syn. Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye)

Bacterial brown stripe

Acidovorax avenae (Manns) Willems et al. subsp. avenae (Manns) Willems et al. comb. nov.

       (syn. Pseudomonas avenae Manns)

Pseudomonas syringae van Hall pv. panici (Elliott) Young et al.

Bacterial leaf streak

Xanthomonas oryzae (ex Ishiyama) Swings et al. pv. oryzicola (Fang et al.) Swings et al.

       (syn. Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson pv. oryzicola (Fang et al.) Dye)

Bacterial palea browning

Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing & Fife) Gavini et al.

       (syn. Erwinia herbicola (Löhnis) Dye)

Bacterial panicle blight and grain rot

Burkholderia gladioli (Severini) Yabuuchi et al.

       (syn. Pseudomonas gladioli Severini)

Burkholderia glumae (Kurita & Tabei) Urakami et al.

       (syn. Pseudomonas glumae Kurita & Tabei)

Foot rot

Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder, McFadden & Dimock) Samson et al. comb. nov.

       (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder, McFadden & Dimock)

Halo blight

Pseudomonas syringae van Hall pv. oryzae (ex Kuwata) Young et al.

Seedling blight

Burkholderia plantarii (Azegami et al.) Urakami et al. comb. nov.

       (syn. Pseudomonas plantarii Azegami et al.)

Sheath brown rot

Pseudomonas fuscovaginae (ex Tanii, Miyajima & Akita) Miyajima, Tanii & Akita

Sheath rot

Pseudomonas syringae van Hall pv. syringae van Hall

       (syn. Pseudomonas oryzicola Klement)

FUNGAL AND OOMYCETE DISEASES

Seedling Diseases

Seed box diseases

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr.

       (syn. Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)

Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker

       (syn. Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur)

Boeremia exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley

       (syn. Phoma exigua Desm.)

Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg

       (syn. Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito)

Mucor fragilis Bainier

Pyricularia oryzae Cavara

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn

Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr.

Fusarium spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizopus spp.

Seedling blight (Damping-off)

Water-seeded rice:

Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker

       (syn. Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur)

Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn

Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg

Gerlachia oryzae (Hashioka & Yokogi) W. Gams

Microdochium albescens (Thüm.) Hern.-Restr. & Crous

       (syn. Monographella albescens (Thüm.) V. O. Parkinson, Sivan. & C. Booth)

Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang

       (syn. Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) R. A. Krause & R. K. Webster)

Pyricularia oryzae Cavara

Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw.

       (syns. Acrocylindrium oryzae Sawada; Sarocladium attenuatum W. Gams & D. Hawksw.)

Trichoconiella padwickii (Ganguly) B. L. Jain

       (syn. Alternaria padwickii (Ganguly) M. B. Ellis)

Dry-seeded rice:

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbr.

       (syn. Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)

Globisporangium spinosum (Sawada) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish.

       (syn. Pythium spinosum Sawada)

Pythium dissotocum Drechsler

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn

Water molds (Seed rot, seedling damping-off)

Achlya conspicua Coker

Achlya klebsiana Pieters

Globisporangium spinosum (Sawada) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish.

       (syn. Pythium spinosum Sawada)

Pythium dissotocum Drechsler

Fusarium sp.

Foliar Diseases

Blast

Pyricularia oryzae Cavara

       (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae B. C. Couch)

Brown spot

Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker

       (syns. Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur; Drechslera oryzae

       (Breda de Haan) Subram. & P. C. Jain; Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan)

Collar rot

Ascochyta oryzae Catt.

       (syn. Phomopsis oryzae-sativae Punith.)

Downy mildew

Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Thirum., C. G. Shaw & Naras.

       (syn. Sclerospora macrospora Sacc.)

Eyespot

Drechslera gigantea S. Ito

Leaf scald

Microdochium albescens (Thüm.) Hern.-Restr. & Crous

       (syns. Gerlachia oryzae (Hashioka & Yokogi) W. Gams; Griphosphaerella albescens

       (Thüm.) Arx; Metasphaeria albescens Thüm.; Micronectriella pavgii

       R. A. Singh; Monographella albescens (Thüm.) V. O. Parkinson, Sivan. & C. Booth;

       Rhynchosporium oryzae Hashioka & Yokogi)

Leaf smut

Eballistra oryzae (Syd. & P. Syd.) R. Bauer, Begerow, A. Nagler & Oberw.

       (syn. Entyloma oryzae Syd. & P. Syd.)

Narrow brown leaf spot

Cercospora janseana (Racib.) Constant.

       (syns. Cercospora oryzae I. Miyake; Napicladium janseanum Racib.; Passalora

       janseana (Racib.) U. Braun; Sphaerulina oryzina Hara)

Rusts

Puccinia graminis f. sp. oryzae Gonz. Frag.

Uromyces coronatus Miyabe & Nishida ex Dietel

Stackburn

Trichoconiella padwickii (Ganguly) B. L. Jain

       (syns. Alternaria padwickii (Ganguly) M. B. Ellis; Trichoconis padwickii Ganguly)

White leaf streak

Ramularia oryzae Deighton & D. E. Shaw

       (syn. Mycovellosiella oryzae (Deighton & D. E. Shaw) Deighton)

Sheath and Culm Diseases

Aggregate sheath spot (Brown sclerotial disease)

Ceratobasidium setariae (Sawada) Oniki, Ogoshi & T. Araki

       (syns. Ceratobasidium oryzae-sativae P. S. Gunnell & R. K. Webster; Rhizoctonia

       oryzae-sativae (Sawada) Mordue)

Crown sheath rot (Black sheath rot)

Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D. L. Olivier

Myrothecium blotch

Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) Ditmar:Fr.

Sheath blight

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn

       (syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk)

Sheath blotch

Pyrenochaeta acicola (Moug. & Lév.) Sacc.

       (syn. Pyrenochaeta oryzae Shirai ex I. Miyake)

Sheath net blotch

Calonectria morganii Crous, Alfenas & M. J. Wingfield

       (syn. Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg.)

Sheath rot

Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw.

       (syns. Acrocylindrium oryzae Sawada; Sarocladium attenuatum W. Gams & D. Hawksw.)

Sheath spot (Bordered sheath spot, red sclerotial disease, Rhizoctonia sheath spot)

Waitea circinata Warcup & Talbot

       (syn. Rhizoctonia oryzae Ryker & Gooch, nom. inval.)

Stem rot

Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang

       (syns. Leptosphaeria salvinii Catt.; Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) R. A. Krause &

       R. K. Webster; Nakataea sigmoidea (Cavara) Hara; Sclerotium oryzae Catt.;

       Vakrabeeja sigmoidea (Cavara) Subram.)

Root and Crown Diseases

Bakanae

Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg

       (syn. Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenweb.)

Root rots

Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish.

       (syn. Pythium irregulare Buisman)

Globisporangium spinosum (Sawada) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish.

       (syn. Pythium spinosum Sawada)

Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler

Pythium catenulatum V. D. Matthews

Pythium dissotocum Drechsler

Pythium graminicola Subram.

Pythium myriotylum Drechsler

Grain Diseases

Black kernel

Curvularia affinis Boedijn

Curvularia clavata B. L. Jain

Curvularia eragrostidis (Henn.) J. A. Mey.

Curvularia fallax Boedijn

Curvularia geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn

Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn

Curvularia intermedia Boedijn

Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn

Curvularia oryzae Bugnic.

Curvularia oryzae-sativae Sivan.

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn

Curvularia senegalensis (Speg.) Subram.

Curvularia tuberculata P. C. Jain

Curvularia uncinata Bugnic.

Curvularia verruculosa Tandon & Bilgrami ex M. B. Ellis

Ear blight (Ear blighting, ear discoloration, glume discoloration, panicle blight, false blast)

Alternaria oryzae Hara

Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker

       (syn. Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur)

Cercospora janseana (Racib.) Constant.

       (syns. Cercospora oryzae I. Miyake; Sphaerulina oryzina Hara)

Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn

Microdochium albescens (Thüm.) Hern.-Restr. & Crous

       (syns. Gerlachia oryzae (Hashioka & Yokogi) W. Gams; Monographella albescens

       (Thüm.) V. O. Parkinson, Sivan. & C. Booth)

Microdochium nivale (Fr.:Fr.) Samuels & I. C. Hallett

       (syns. Fusarium nivale (Fr: Fr.) Sorauer; Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) E. Mull.)

Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang

       (syns. Leptosphaeria salvinii Catt.; Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) R. A. Krause &

       R. K. Webster; Nakataea sigmoidea (Cavara) Hara; Sclerotium oryzae Catt.;

       Vakrabeeja sigmoidea (Cavara) Subram.)

Cladosporium spp.

Epicoccum spp.

Fusarium spp.

Nigrospora spp.

Phoma spp.

False smut (Green smut, orange smut)

Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah.

Glume blight

Epicoccum sorghinum (Sacc.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley

       (syns. Phoma glumicola Speg.; Phoma insidiosa Tassi; Phoma sorghina (Sacc.)

       Boerema, Dorenb. & Kesteren; Phyllosticta glumicola (Speg.) Hara;

       Phyllosticta oryzina Padwick; Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc.)

Grain discoloration (Yellow rice, spotted rice, brown spot, stackburn, red blotch, black kernel, pecky rice, dirty rice, bunt, scab, and black rot)

Dark discoloration:

Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker

       (syn. Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur)

Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg

       (syn. Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito)

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe

       (syn. Gibberella zeae (Schwein.:Fr.) Petch)

Microdochium albescens (Thüm.) Hern.-Restr. & Crous

       (syns. Gerlachia oryzae (Hashioka & Kokogi) W. Gams; Monographella albescens

       (Thüm.) V. O. Parkinson, Sivan. & C. Booth)

Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw.

       (syns. Acrocylindrium oryzae Sawada; Sarocladium attenuatum W. Gams & D. Hawksw.)

Tilletia horrida Takah.

       (syn. Neovossia horrida (Takah.) Padwick & A. Khan)

Trichoconiella padwickii (Ganguly) B. L. Jain

       (syn. Alternaria padwickii (Ganguly) M. B. Ellis)

Dirty-yellow discoloration:

Epicoccum sorghinum (Sacc.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley

       (syns. Phoma glumicola Speg.; Phoma insidiosa Tassi; Phoma sorghina (Sacc.)

       Boerema, Dorenb. & Kesteren; Phyllosticta glumicola (Speg.) Hara;

       Phyllosticta oryzina Padwick; Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc.)

Curvularia spp.

Nigrospora spp.

Other microorganisms that discolor grain:

Monascus purpureus Went

Wolkia decolorans (Wolk) Ramsb.

Phoma spp.

Phyllosticta spp.

Storage grain discoloration:

Absidia spp.

Aspergillus spp.

Chaetomium spp.

Dematium spp.

Monilia spp.

Mucor spp.

Penicillium spp.

Rhizopus spp.

Streptomyces spp.

Syncephalastrum spp.

Verticillium spp.

Kernel smut

Tilletia barclayana (Bref.) Sacc. & Syd.

       (syns. Neovossia barclayana Bref.; Neovossia macrospora Petr.; Tilletia ajrekarii

       Mundk.; Tilletia pennisetina Syd.)

Tilletia horrida Takah.

       (syn. Neovossia horrida (Takah.) Padwick & A. Khan)

Minute leaf and grain spot

Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch

       (syn. Khuskia oryzae H. J. Huds.)

Nigrospora padwickii Prasad, Agnihotri & J. P. Agarwal

Nigrospora panici Zimm.

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E. W. Mason

Red blotch of grains

Epicoccum neglectum Desm.

Epicoccum nigrum Link

       (syn. Epicoccum purpurascens Ehrenb.)

Epicoccum oryzae S. Ito & Iwadare

Scab

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe

       (syn. Gibberella zeae (Schwein.:Fr.) Petch)

Udbatta (Black choke, incense rod, false ergot)

Balansia oryzae (Syd.) Naras. & Thirum.

       (syns. Balansia oryzae-sativae Hashioka; Ephelis oryzae Syd.; Ephelis pallida Pat.)

NEMATODES (PARASITIC)

Cyst nematodes

Heterodera elachista Ohshima

Heterodera oryzae Luc & Berdon

Heterodera oryzicola Rao & Jayaprakash

Heterodera sacchari Luc & Merny

Lance nematode

Hoplolaimus indicus Sher

Lesion nematodes

Pratylenchus spp.

Pratylenchus indicus Das

Pratylenchus zeae Graham

Rice-root nematodes

Hirschmanniella caudacrena Sher

Hirschmanniella imamuri Sher

Hirschmanniella mucronata (Das) Luc & Goodey

Hirschmanniella oryzae (van Breda de Haan) Luc & Goodey

Hirschmanniella spinicaudata (Schuurmans-Stekhoven) Luc & Goodey

Ring nematodes

Criconemella spp.

Criconemella onoensis (Luc) Luc & Raski

Root-knot nematodes

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood

Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Birchfield

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood

Meloidogyne oryzae Mass, Sanders & Dede

Meloidogyne salasi Lopez

Stem nematode

Ditylenchus angustus (Butler) Filipjev

Stunt nematodes

Tylenchorhynchus brassicae Siddiqi

Tylenchorhynchus gladiolatus Fortuner & Amougou

Tylenchorhynchus martini Fielding

Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi Siddiqi & Basir

White-tip nematode

Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie

PHYTOPLASMAL DISEASES

Orange leaf

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species

Yellow dwarf

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae’

VIRAL DISEASES

Black-streaked dwarf

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV)—genus Fijivirus; family Reoviridae

Bunchy stunt

Rice bunchy stunt virus (RBSV)—genus unassigned (tentative member of the genus Phytoreovirus); family unassigned (tentative member of the family Reoviridae)

Dwarf

Rice dwarf virus (RDV)—genus Phytoreovirus; family Reoviridae

Gall dwarf

Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV)—genus Phytoreovirus; family Reoviridae

Giallume

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)—genus Luteovirus; family Luteoviridae

Grassy stunt

Rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV)—genus Tenuivirus; family Phenuiviridae

Hoja blanca

Rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV)—genus Tenuivirus; family Phenuiviridae

Minor virus diseases

Echinochloa hoja blanca virus (EHBV)—genus Tenuivirus; family Phenuiviridae

Echinochloa ragged stunt virus (ERSV)—genus Oryzavirus; family Reoviridae

Rice tarsonemid mite virus (RTMV)—genus unassigned; family unassigned

Necrosis mosaic

Rice necrosis mosaic virus (RNMV)—genus Bymovirus; family Potyviridae

Ragged stunt

Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV)—genus Oryzavirus; family Reoviridae

Southern black-streaked dwarf

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV)—genus Fijivirus; family Reoviridae

Stripe

Rice stripe virus (RSV)—genus Tenuivirus; family Phenuiviridae

Stripe necrosis

Rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV)—genus Benyvirus; family Benyviridae

Transitory yellowing

Rice transitory yellowing virus (RTYV)—genus Nucleorhabdovirus; family Rhabdoviridae

Tungro (dual infection)

Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV)—genus Tungrovirus; family Caulimoviridae

Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV)—genus Waikavirus; family Secoviridae

Yellow mottle

Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV)—genus Sobemovirus; family unassigned

VIRUSLIKE DISEASE

Chlorotic streak

Unknown viruslike agent