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Common Names of Plant Diseases
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DisplayTitle
Diseases of Corn (syn. Maize) (
Zea mays
L.)
Page Content
Gary P. Munkvold, collator (last update: 8/27/17)
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Bacterial leaf blight
Pseudomonas avenae
Manns subsp.
avenae
Manns
(syns.
Acidovorax avenae
(Manns) Willems et al. subsp.
avenae
(Manns)
Willems et al.;
Bacillus avenae
(Manns) Burgvits;
Pseudomonas alboprecipitans
Rosen)
Bacterial leaf streak
Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum
(Cobb) comb. nov.
Bacterial stalk rot
Erwinia carotovora
(Jones) Bergey et al. subsp.
carotovora
(Jones) Bergey et al.
(syns.
Erwinia carotovora
(Jones) Bergey et al. f. sp.
zeae
Sabet;
Erwinia
chrysanthemi
Burkholder et al. pv.
zeae
(Sabet) Victoria et al.;
Pectobacterium
carotovorum
(Jones) Waldee emend. Hauben et al. subsp.
carotovorum
(Jones) Waldee
emend. Hauben et al.)
Bacterial stripe and leaf spot
Pseudomonas andropogonis
(Smith) Stapp
(syn.
Burkholderia andropogonis
(Smith) Gillis et al.)
Chocolate spot
Pseudomonas syringae
van Hall pv.
coronafaciens
(Elliott) Young et al.
(syn.
Pseudomonas coronafaciens
(ex Elliott) Schaad & Cunfer pv.
zeae
Ribeiro et al.)
Goss’s bacterial wilt and blight
Clavibacter michiganensis
(Smith) Davis et al. subsp.
nebraskensis
(Vidaver & Mandel) Davis et al.
(syn.
Corynebacterium michiganense
(Smith) Jensen subsp.
nebraskense
(Vidaver & Mandel) Carlson & Vidaver)
Holcus spot
Pseudomonas syringae
van Hall pv.
syringae
van Hall
(syn.
Pseudomonas holci
Kendrick)
Stewart’s bacterial wilt
Pantoea stewartii
(Smith) Mergaert et al. subsp.
stewartii
(Smith) Mergaert et al.
(syns.
Erwinia stewartii
(Smith) Dye;
Xanthomonas stewartii
(Smith) Dowson)
FUNGAL AND OOMYCETE DISEASES
Downy Mildews
Brown stripe downy mildew
Sclerophthora rayssiae
R. G. Kenneth, Koltin & I. Wahl var.
zeae
Payak & Renfro
Crazy top
Sclerophthora macrospora
(Sacc.) Thirum., C. G. Shaw & Naras.
(syns.
Phytophthora macrospora
(Sacc.) S. Ito & I. Tanaka;
Sclerospora
macrospora
Sacc.)
Graminicola downy mildew
Sclerospora graminicola
(Sacc.) J. Schröt.
Java downy mildew
Peronosclerospora maydis
(Racib.) C. G. Shaw
(syn.
Sclerospora maydis
(Racib.) E. J. Butler)
Leaf splitting downy mildew
Peronosclerospora miscanthi
(T. Miyake) C. G. Shaw
(syn.
Sclerospora miscanthi
T. Miyake)
Philippine downy mildew
Peronosclerospora philippinensis
(W. Weston) C. G. Shaw
(syn.
Sclerospora philippinensis
W. Weston)
Rajasthan downy mildew
Peronosclerospora heteropogoni
Siradhana, Dange, Rathore & S. D. Singh
Sorghum downy mildew
Peronosclerospora sorghi
(W. Weston & Uppal) C. G. Shaw
(syns.
Sclerospora graminicola
(Sacc.) J. Schröt. var.
andropogonis-sorghi
Kulk.;
Sclersopora sorghi
W. Weston & Uppal)
Spontaneum downy mildew
Peronosclerospora spontanea
(W. Weston) C. G. Shaw
(syn.
Sclerospora spontanea
W. Weston)
Sugarcane downy mildew
Peronosclerospora sacchari
(T. Miyake) C. G. Shaw
(syn.
Sclerospora sacchari
T. Miyake)
Ear and Kernel Rots
Aspergillus ear rot
Aspergillus flavus
Link:Fr.
Aspergillus niger
Tiegh.
Aspergillus oryzae
(Ahlb.) Cohn
Aspergillus parasiticus
Speare
Black kernel rot
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
(Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
(syn.
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Pat.)
Cladosporium rot
Cladosporium cladosporioides
(Fresen.) G. A. de Vries
(syn.
Hormodendrum cladosporioides
(Fresen.) Sacc.)
Cladosporium herbarum
(Pers.:Fr.) Link
Diplodia (Stenocarpella) ear rot
Stenocarpella macrospora
(Earle) B. Sutton
(syn.
Diplodia macrospora
Earle)
Stenocarpella maydis
(Berk.) B. Sutton
(syns.
Diplodia maydis
(Berk.) Sacc.;
Diplodia zeae
Lév.)
Fusarium ear rot or pink ear rot
Fusarium
spp.
Fusarium oxysporum
Schltdl.:Fr.
Fusarium poae
(Peck) Wollenw.
Fusarium proliferatum
(Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg
(syns.
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito, mating population D;
Gibberella fujikuroi
var.
intermedia
Kuhlman;
Gibberella intermedia
(Kuhlman) Samuels,
Nirenberg & Seifert)
Fusarium sporotrichioides
Sherb.
Fusarium subglutinans
(Wollenw. & Reinking) P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas
(syns.
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito, mating population E;
Gibberella subglutinans
(E. T. Edwards) P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas)
Fusarium temperatum
Scaufl. & Munaut
Fusarium tricinctum
(Corda) Sacc.
Fusarium verticillioides
(Sacc.) Nirenberg
(syns.
Fusarium moniliforme
J. Sheld.;
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito, mating
population A;
Gibberella moniliformis
Wineland)
Gibberella ear rot or red ear rot
Fusarium boothii
O’Donnell et al.
Fusarium culmorum
(Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc.
Fusarium graminearum
Schwabe
(syn.
Gibberella zeae
(Schwein.) Petch)
Fusarium meridionale
T. Aoki et al.
Gray ear rot
Botryosphaeria zeae
(G. L. Stout) Arx & E. Müll.
(syns.
Macrophoma zeae
Tehon & E. Y. Daniels;
Physalospora zeae
G. L. Stout)
Nigrospora ear and cob rot
Nigrospora oryzae
(Berk. & Broome) Petch
(syns.
Basisporium gallarum
Molliard;
Khuskia oryzae
H. J. Huds.)
Penicillium ear rot and blue eye
Penicillium
spp.
Penicillium chrysogenum
Thom
Penicillium cyclopium
Westling
Penicillium expansum
Link
(syn.
Penicillium glaucum
Link)
Penicillium funiculosum
Thom
Penicillium oxalicum
Currie & Thom
Penicillium verrucosum
Dierckx
Penicillium viridicatum
Westling
Rhizoctonia ear rot
Waitea circinata
Warcup & Talbot
(syn.
Rhizoctonia zeae
Voorhees)
Rhizopus ear rot
Rhizopus stolonifer
(Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill.
Trichoderma ear rot
Trichoderma viride
Pers.:Fr.
Ergot
Claviceps gigantea
S. F. Fuentes, Isla, Ullstrup & A. E. Rodr.
Foliar Diseases
Alternaria leaf spot
Alternaria alternata
(Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.
Anthracnose leaf blight
Colletotrichum graminicola
(Ces.) G. W. Wilson
(syn.
Glomerella graminicola
D. J. Politis)
Ascochyta leaf spot
Ascochyta maydis
G. L. Stout
Ascochyta zeae
G. L. Stout
Ascochyta zeina
Sacc.
Curvularia leaf spot
Curvularia
spp.
Curvularia aeria
(Bat., J. A. Lima & C. T. Vasconc.) Tsuda
(syn.
Curvularia lunata
(Wakker) Boedijn var.
aeria
(Bat., J. A. Lima & C. T. Vasconc.)
M. B. Ellis)
Didymella leaf spot
Didymella exitialis
(Morini) E. Müll.
Diplodia (Stenocarpella) leaf spot
Stenocarpella maydis
(Berk.) B. Sutton
(syns.
Diplodia maydis
(Berk.) Sacc.;
Diplodia zeae
Lév.)
Diplodia (Stenocarpella) leaf streak
Stenocarpella macrospora
(Earle) B. Sutton
(syns.
Diplodia macrospora
Earle;
Stenocarpella zeae
Syd. & P. Syd.)
Eyespot
Kabatiella zeae
Narita & Y. Hirats.
(syn.
Aureobasidium zeae
(Narita & Y. Hirats.) Dingley)
Fusarium leaf scorch
Fusarium verticillioides
(Sacc.) Nirenberg
(syns.
Fusarium moniliforme
J. Sheld.;
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito,
mating population A;
Gibberella moniliformis
Wineland)
Gray leaf spot
Cercospora
spp.
Cercospora zeae-maydis
Tehon & E. Y. Daniels
Cercospora zeina
Crous & U. Braun
Hyalothyridium leaf spot
Astromella
spp.
Hyalothyridium maydis
Latterell & A. E. Rossi
Leptosphaerulina australis
McAlpine
Leptosphaeria leaf spot
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii>
(Westend.) O. E. Erikss.
(syn.
Leptosphaeria zeae
G. L. Stout)
Phaeosphaeria variiseptata
(G. L. Stout) Shoemaker & C. E. Babc.
(syn.
Leptosphaeria variiseptata
G. L. Stout)
Northern corn leaf blight
Exserohilum turcicum
(Pass.) K. J. Leonard & Suggs
(syns.
Bipolaris turcica
(Pass.) Shoemaker;
Drechslera turcica
(Pass.) Subram. &
P. C. Jain;
Helminthosporium turcicum
Pass.;
Setosphaeria turcica
(Luttr.)
K. J. Leonard & Suggs;
Trichometasphaeria turcica
Luttr.)
Northern corn leaf spot
Bipolaris zeicola
(G. L. Stout) Shoemaker
(syns.
Cochliobolus carbonum
R. R. Nelson;
Drechslera zeicola
(G. L. Stout) Subram.
& P. C. Jain;
Helminthosporium carbonum
Ullstrup)
Phaeosphaeria leaf spot
Phaeosphaeria maydis
(Henn) Rane, Payak & Renfro
Phoma
sp.
Physoderma brown spot
Physoderma maydis
(Miyabe) Miyabe
(syn.
Physoderma zeae-maydis
F. J. F. Shaw)
Rhizoctonia banded leaf and sheath blight
Rhizoctonia solani
J. G. Kühn
(syn.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
(A. B. Frank) Donk)
Rostratum leaf spot
Exserohilum rostratum
(Drechsler) K. J. Leonard & Suggs
(syns.
Bipolaris rostrata
(Drechsler) Shoemaker;
Drechslera rostrata
(Drechsler) M. J.
Richardson & E. M. Fraser;
Exserohilum halodes
(Drechsler) K. J. Leonard &
Suggs;
Helminthosporium rostratum
Drechsler;
Setosphaeria rostrata
K. J. Leonard)
Selenophoma leaf spot
Selenophoma
spp.
Septoria leaf blotch
Septoria
spp.
Southern corn leaf blight
Bipolaris maydis
(Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake) Shoemaker
(syns.
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
(Drechsler) Drechsler;
Drechslera maydis
(Y. Nisik.
& C. Miyake) Subram. & P. C. Jain;
Helminthosporium maydis
Y. Nisik. C. Miyake;
&
Ophiobolus heterostrophus
Drechsler)
Tar spot complex
Coniothyrium phyllachorae
Maubl.
Monographella maydis
E. Müll. & Samuels
Phyllachora maydis
Maubl.
Yellow leaf blight
Didymella maydis
(Arny & R. R. Nelson) Qian Chen & O. Cai
(syn.
Phyllosticta maydis
Arny & R. R. Nelson)
Zonate leaf spot
Microdochium sorghi
(D. C. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton) U. Braun
(syn.
Gloeocercospora sorghi
D. C. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton)
Fungal Stalk Rots
Anthracnose stalk rot
Colletotrichum graminicola
(Ces.) G. W. Wilson
(syn.
Glomerella graminicola
D. J. Politis)
Black bundle disease
Sarocladium strictum
(W. Gams) Summerb.
(syn.
Cephalosporium acremonium
Corda)
Charcoal rot
Macrophomina phaseolina
(Tassi) Goid.
(syns.
Botryodiplodia phaseoli
(Maubl.) Thirum.;
Macrophomina phaseoli
(Maubl.)
S. F. Ashby;
Sclerotium bataticola
Taubenh.)
Diplodia (Stenocarpella) stalk rot
Stenocarpella maydis
(Berk.) B. Sutton
(syns.
Diplodia maydis
(Berk.) Sacc.;
Diplodia zeae
Lév.)
Fusarium stalk rot
Fusarium
spp.
Fusarium proliferatum
(Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg
(syns.
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito, mating population D;
Gibberella
intermedia
(Kuhlman) Samuels, Nirenberg & Seifert)
Fusarium subglutinans
(Wollenw. & Reinking) P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas
(syns.
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito, mating population E;
Gibberella subglutinans
(
E. T. Edwards) P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas)
Fusarium temperatum
Scaufl. & Munaut
Fusarium verticillioides
(Sacc.) Nirenberg
(syns.
Fusarium moniliforme
J. Sheld.;
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito, mating
population A;
Gibberella moniliformis
Wineland)
Gibberella stalk rot
Fusarium graminearum
Schwabe
(syn.
Gibberella zeae
(Schwein.) Petch)
Nigrospora stalk rot
Nigrospora oryzae
(Berk. & Broome) Petch
Other stalk rot
Phaeocytostroma ambiguum
(Mont.) Petr.
(syn.
Phaeocytosporella zeae
G. L. Stout)
Pythium stalk rot
Pythium aphanidermatum
(Edson) Fitzp.
(syn.
Pythium butleri
Subram.)
Red root rot
Setophoma terrestris
(H. N. Hansen) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley
(syns.
Phoma terrestris
H. N. Hansen;
Pyrenochaeta terrestris
(H. N. Hansen)
Gorenz, J. C. Walker & Larson)
Late Wilt
Magnaporthiopsis maydis
(Samra, Sabet & Hing.) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous
(syns.
Cephalosporium maydis
Samra, Sabet & Hing.;
Harpophora maydis
(Samra,
Sabet & Hing.) W. Gams)
Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses
Aflatoxins
Aspergillus
spp.
Aspergillus flavus
Link:Fr.
Aspergillus parasiticus
Speare
Deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes
Fusarium
spp.
Fusarium cerealis
(Cooke) Sacc.
(syn.
Fusarium
crookwellense
L. W. Burgess, P. E. Nelson & Toussoun)
Fusarium
culmorum
(Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc.
Fusarium
equiseti
(Corda) Sacc.
Fusarium
graminearum
Schwabe
(syn.
Gibberella zeae
(Schwein.) Petch)
Fusarium
poae
(Peck) Wollenw.
Fusarium
sporotrichioides
Sherb.
Diplodiatoxin
Stenocarpella maydis
(Berk.) B. Sutton
(syns.
Diplodia maydis
(Berk.) Sacc.;
Diplodia zeae
Lév.)
Fumonisins
Fusarium
spp.
Fusarium proliferatum
(Matsush.) Gerlach & Nirenberg
(syn.
Gibberella intermedia
(Kuhlman) Samuels, Nirenberg & Seifert)
Fusarium verticillioides
(Sacc.) Nirenberg
(syns.
Fusarium moniliforme
J. Sheld.;
Gibberella moniliformis
Wineland)
Ochratoxins
Aspergillus
spp.
Aspergillus
alutaceus
Berk. & M. A. Curtis var.
alutaceus
Berk. & M. A. Curtis
(syn.
Aspergillus
ochraceus
G. Wilh.)
Penicillium
spp.
Penicillium
verrucosum
Dierckx
Other mycotoxins
Penicillium
spp.
Aspergillus flavus
Link:Fr.
Aspergillus parasiticus
Speare
Fusarium proliferatum
(Matsush.) Gerlach & Nirenberg
(syn.
Gibberella intermedia
(Kuhlman) Samuels, Nirenberg & Seifert)
Fusarium subglutinans
(Wollenw. & Reinking) P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas
(syns.
Gibberella fujikuroi
(Sawada) Ito;
Gibberella subglutinans
(E. T. Edwards)
P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas)
Zearalenone
Fusarium cerealis
(Cooke) Sacc.
(syn.
Fusarium
crookwellense
L. W. Burgess, P. E. Nelson & Toussoun)
Fusarium
culmorum
(Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc.
Fusarium
graminearum
Schwabe
(syn.
Gibberella zeae
(Schwein.) Petch)
Root Rots
Fusarium root rot
Fusarium
spp.
Fusarium acuminatum
Ellis & Everh.
Fusarium equiseti
(Corda) Sacc.
Fusarium graminearum
Schwabe
(syn.
Gibberella zeae
(Schwein.) Petch)
Fusarium oxysporum
Schltdl.:Fr.
Fusarium proliferatum
(Matsush.) Gerlach & Nirenberg
Fusarium solani
(Mart.) Sacc.
Fusarium subglutinans
(Wollenw. & Reinking) P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas
Fusarium verticillioides
(Sacc.) Nirenberg
Pythium root rot (and feeder root necrosis)
Phytopythium helicoides
(Drechsler) Abad et al.
(syn.
Pythium helicoides
Drechsler)
Phytopythium vexans
(de Bary) Abad et al.
(syn.
Pythium vexans
de Bary)
Pythium
spp.
Pythium acanthicum
Drechsler
Pythium adhaerens
Sparrow
Pythium angustatum
Sparrow
Pythium aphanidermatum
(Edson) Fitzp.
Pythium arrhenomanes
Drechsler
Pythium graminicola
Subram.
Pythium irregulare
Buisman
Pythium lutarium
Ali-Shtayeh
Pythium paroecandrum
Drechsler
Pythium pulchrum
Minden
Pythium rostratum
E. J. Butler
Pythium splendens
Hans Braun
Pythium sylvaticum
W. A. Campb. & F. F. Hendrix
Pythium tardicrescens
Vanterp.
Pythium torulosum
Coker & P. Patt.
Pythium ultimum
Trow
Red root rot
Setophoma terrestris
(H. N. Hansen) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley
(syns.
Phoma terrestris
H. N. Hansen;
Pyrenochaeta terrestris
(H. N. Hansen) Gorenz,
J. C. Walker & Larson)
Rhizoctonia crown and brace root rot
Rhizoctonia solani
J. G. Kühn
(syn.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
(A. B. Frank) Donk)
Rusts
Common rust
Puccinia sorghi
Schwein.
Southern rust
Puccinia polysora
Underw.
Tropical rust
Phakopsora zeae
(Mains) Buriticá
(syns.
Angiopsora zeae
Mains;
Physopella zeae
(Mains) Cummins & Ramachar)
Seed Rots and Seedling Blights (Damping-Off)
Alternaria
spp.
Aspergillus
spp.
Aspergillus flavus
Link:Fr.
Aspergillus tamarii
Kita
Bipolaris
spp.
Fusarium
spp.
Fusarium graminearum
Schwabe
(syn.
Gibberella zeae
(Schwein.) Petch)
Fusarium oxysporum
Schltdl.:Fr.
Fusarium proliferatum
(Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg
Fusarium solani
(Mart.) Sacc.
Fusarium subglutinans
(Wollenw. & Reinking) P. E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas
Fusarium temperatum
Scaufl. & Munaut
Fusarium verticillioides
(Sacc.) Nirenberg
Nigrospora
spp.
Penicillium
spp.
Penicillium oxalicum
Currie & Thom
Phytopythium vexans
(de Bary) Abad et al.
(syn.
Pythium vexans
de Bary)
Pythium
spp.
Pythium debaryanum
R. Hesse
Pythium irregulare
Buisman
Pythium paroecandrum
Drechsler
Pythium rostratum
E. J. Butler
Pythium ultimum
Trow
Rhizoctonia
spp.
Rhizoctonia solani
J. G. Kühn
Rhizopus
spp.
Stenocarpella maydis
(Berk.) B. Sutton
Trichoderma
spp.
Smuts
Common smut
Ustilago maydis
(DC.) Corda
(syn.
Ustilago zeae
(Beckm.) Unger)
False smut
Ustilaginoidea virens
(Cooke) Takah.
(syn.
Ustilaginoidea oryzae
(Pat.) Bref.)
Head smut
Sporisorium reilianum
(J. G. Kühn Langdon & Full.
(syns.
Sorosporium reilianum
(J. G. Kühn) McAlpine;
Sphacelotheca reiliana
(J. G. Kühn) G. P. Clinton;
Sporisorium holci-sorghi
(Rivolta) Vánky;
Sporisorium
reilianum
(J. G. Kühn) Langdon & Full. f. sp.
zeae
(J. G. Kühn)
Langdon & Full.;
Ustilago reiliana
J. G. Kühn)
Storage Molds
Alternaria
spp.
Aspergillus
spp.
Aspergillus candidus
Link:Fr.
Aspergillus flavus
Link:Fr.
Aspergillus fumigatus
Fresen.
Aspergillus glaucus
(L.) Link:Fr.
Aspergillus ochraceus
G. Wilh.
Aspergillus restrictus
G. Sm.
Aspergillus versicolor
(Vuill.) Tirab.
Cladosporium
spp.
Fusarium
spp.
Fusarium graminearum
Schwabe
(syn.
Gibberella zeae
(Schwein.) Petch)
Fusarium verticillioides
(Sacc.) Nirenberg
Mucor
spp.
Nigrospora oryzae
(Berk. & Broome) Petch
Penicillium
spp.
Penicillium brevi-compactum
Dierckx
Penicillium chrysogenum
Thom
Penicillium citrinum
Thom
Penicillium cyclopium
Westling
Penicillium funiculosum
Thom
Penicillium oxalicum
Currie & Thom
Penicillium viridicatum
Westling
Rhizopus
spp.
Rhizopus stolonifer
(Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill.
Trichothecium roseum
(Pers.) Link
MOLLICUTE DISEASES
Corn stunt
Spiroplasma kunkelii
Whitcomb et al.
Maize bushy stunt
Maize bushy stunt phytoplasma: ‘
Candidatus
Phytoplasma asteris,’ 16S rDNA group I-B
Maize redness
Stolbur phytoplasma: ‘
Candidatus
Phytoplasma solani,’ 16S rDNA group XII-A
NEMATODES (PARASITIC)
Awl nematode
Dolichodorus heterocephalus
Cobb
Cyst nematodes
Corn cyst nematode
Heterodera zeae
Koshy, Swarup & Sethi
Mexican corn cyst nematode
Punctodera chalcoensis
Stone, Sosa Moss & Mulvey
Goosegrass cyst nematode
Vittatidera zeaphila
Bernard et al.
Dagger nematodes
Xiphinema americanum
Cobb
Xiphinema chambersi
Thorne
Xiphinema rivesi
Dalmasso
Lance nematodes
Hoplolaimus columbus
Sher
Hoplolaimus galeatus
(Cobb) Thorne
Needle nematode
Longidorus breviannulatus
Norton & Hoffmann
Ring nematodes
Criconemella ornata
(Raski) Luc & Raski
Criconemella sphaerocephala
(Taylor) Luc & Raski
Root-knot nematodes
Meloidogyne arenaria
(Neal) Chitwood
Meloidogyne chitwoodi
Golden et al.
Meloidogyne hapla
Chitwood
Meloidogyne incognita
(Kofoid & White) Chitwood
Meloidogyne javanica
(Treub) Chitwood
Root lesion nematodes
Pratylenchus
spp.
Pratylenchus brachyurus
(Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven
Pratylenchus hexincisus
Taylor & Jenkins
Pratylenchus neglectus
(Rensch) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven
Pratylenchus penetrans
(Cobb) Chitwood & Oteifa
Pratylenchus scribneri
Steiner
Pratylenchus zeae
Graham
Spiral nematodes
Helicotylenchus digonicus
Perry
Helicotylenchus dihystera
(Cobb) Sher
Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus
(Steiner) Golden
Scutellonema brachyurum
(Steiner) Andrássy
Sting nematodes
Belonolaimus
spp.
Belonolaimus longicaudatus
Rau
Stubby-root nematodes
Paratrichodorus minor
(Colbran) Siddiqi
(syns.
Paratrichodorus christiei
(Allen) Siddiqi;
Trichodorus christiei
Allen;
Trichodorus minor
Colbran;
Trichodorus obesus
Razjivin & Penton)
Paratrichodorus porosus
(Allen) Siddiqi
Stunt nematodes
Tylenchorhynchus claytoni
Steiner
Tylenchorhynchus maximus
Allen
NONINFECTIOUS OR ABIOTIC DISEASES AND DAMAGE
Air Pollutants
Chlorine
Fluorides
Ozone
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
Sulfur dioxide
Environmental Factors
Drought damage
Excess moisture damage
Damage intensified by warmer weather; plants without nodal roots
Frost damage
Most severe in organic soil and low-lying areas; increases with density of bacterial cells
High-temperature scalding
Usually in association with low soil moisture and hot, dry winds
Low-temperature sunscald and cold banding
Happens with cool, clear, dewy nights followed by clear, sunny mornings
Wind damage
Abrasions, breakage, lodging, pinching, shredding
Greensnap
Herbicide Injury
Excess rate of use; use of herbicides to which corn has a low tolerance; carryover or drift
Nutrient Deficiencies
Boron
Rare; drought; high-pH soil; and sandy, low-organic-matter soil
Calcium
Rare; very-low-pH soil; soil high in potassium and magnesium
Copper
Rare; high-organic-matter soil
Iron
Rare; high-pH soil; wet, compacted, poorly aerated soil; cool weather
Magnesium
Strongly acidic, sandy soil in regions of moderate to high rainfall; high-potassium soil; and soil treated with limestone low in magnesium
Manganese
High-pH soil; peat, muck, and sandy soils high in organic matter
Molybdenum
Rare; low-pH soil; heavily weathered soil
Nitrogen
Cold, wet, or flooded soil; drought (especially after midseason); sandy, low-organic-matter soil; heavy, leaching rains; standing water in warm weather; intensive row cropping
Phosphorus
Cool, wet soil
Potassium
Sandy, organic, wet, or compacted, weathered soil; potassium removal by preceding crops
Sulfur
Acidic, sandy, low-organic-matter soil; cold, wet soil
Zinc
High-phosphorus soil or fertilizer; high-pH soil; cool, wet soil; low-organic-matter soil (exposed subsoil)
Nutrient Toxicities
Anhydrous ammonia or aqua-ammonia damage
Ammonia (NH
3
) release from fertilizing practices; sandy, dry, compact, and low-organic-matter soil; uneven soil surface; deep planting; shallow placement of NH
3
Fertilizer burn
Nutrient toxicity (excessive soluble nitrogen, potassium, or boron fertilizers); sandy soil; dry weather; high-salt-index fertilizer
Other nutrient excesses
Accumulation of aluminum oxides, iron oxides, nickel, and chromium
Other Abnormalities
Barren stalks
Low fertility; drought; dense plant populations; aphid or herbicide damage
Blunt ear syndrome
Temperature stress (brief cold shock); surfactants application
Branched ear
Undetermined
Buggy-whip
Some herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D); warm growing conditions; genetic connection
Exposed ear tips
Extreme drought during kernel set followed by abundant rainfall and good growing conditions
Genetic stripe, leaf spots, and flecks
Genetic abnormality
Kernel red streak
Associated with a toxin produced by a strain of the wheat curl mite,
Eriophyes tulipae
Popped kernel
Inherited; irregular rainfall, particularly with very hot, dry conditions
Purple leaf sheath
Genetic connection; particulate matter lodged between the stalk and the leaf sheath for saprophytic fungi and bacteria to grow on
Red leaf
Accumulation of sugars and other photosynthetic products
Red stalk
Broken midrib
Rootless corn syndrome
Hot, dry surface soil; excessive rainfall; or strong, abrasive winds; shallow planting; compact soil; loose or cloddy soil
Silk-cut
Inherited; exact cause unknown
Soil crusting and leafing out underground
Wet soil; intensive tillage; heavy rains after planting; fine-textured soil
Tassel ear (floral abnormality)
Plants injured by hail, frost, flooding, herbicides, or mechanical damage
Tassel tip (floral abnormality)
Genetic connection
PARASITIC PLANT
Witchweed
Striga
spp.
Striga asiatica
(L.) Kuntze
(syn.
Striga lutea
Lour.)
Striga hermonthica
(Del.) Benth.
VIRAL DISEASES
Barley yellow dwarf
Genus
Luteovirus
:
Barley yellow dwarf virus
-MAV, strain (BYDV-MAV)
Barley yellow dwarf virus
-PAV, strain (BYDV-PAV)
Genus
Polerovirus
:
Cereal yellow dwarf virus
-GPV, strain (CYDV-GPV)
Cereal yellow dwarf virus
-RPV, strain (CYDV-RPV)
Brome mosaic
Genus
Bromovirus
,
Brome mosaic virus
(BMV)
Cereal chlorotic mottle
Genus
Nucleorhabdovirus
,
Cereal chlorotic mottle virus
(CCMV)
Cucumber mosaic
Genus
Cucumovirus
,
Cucumber mosaic virus
(CMV)
High Plains disease
Genus
Emaravirus
,
Wheat mosaic virus
(WMoV)
(syns.
High Plains virus
(HPV),
Maize red stripe virus
(MRStV))
Maize chlorotic dwarf
Genus
Waikavirus
,
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus
(MCDV)
Maize chlorotic mottle
Genus
Machlomovirus
,
Maize chlorotic mottle virus
(MCMV)
Maize dwarf mosaic
Genus
Potyvirus
:
Johnsongrass mosaic virus
(JGMV)
Maize dwarf mosaic virus
(MDMV)
Pennisetum mosaic virus
(PenMV)
Sorghum mosaic virus
(SrMV)
Sugarcane mosaic virus
(SCMV)
Zea mosaic virus
(ZeMV)
Genus
Tritimovirus
,
Wheat streak mosaic virus
(WSMV)
Maize fine streak
Genus
Nucleorhabdovirus
;
Maize fine streak virus
(MFSV)
Maize leaf fleck
Genus has not been assigned,
Maize leaf fleck virus
(MLFV)
Maize lethal necrosis
Genus
Machlomovirus
,
Maize chlorotic mottle virus
(MCMV) combined with Potyviridae infection, e.g.,
Maize dwarf mosaic virus
(MDMV) (
Potyvirus
);
Sugarcane mosaic virus
(SCMV) (
Potyvirus
);
Wheat streak mosaic virus
(WSMV) (
Tritimovirus
)
Maize mosaic
Genus
Nucleorhabdovirus
,
Maize mosaic virus
(MMV)
Maize necrotic streak
Genus
Zeavirus
,
Maize necrotic streak virus
(MNeSV)
Maize rayado fino
Genus
Marafivirus
,
Maize rayado fino virus
(MRFV)
Maize rough dwarf
Genus
Fijivirus
:
Maize rough dwarf virus
(MRDV)
Rice black streak dwarf virus
(RBSDV)
Maize streak
Genus
Mastrevirus
,
Maize streak virus
(MSV)
Maize stripe
Genus
Tenuivirus
,
Maize stripe virus
(MStV)
Maize white line mosaic
Genus
Aureusvirus
,
Maize white line mosaic virus
(MWLMV)
Mal de Rio Cuarto
Genus
Fijivirus
,
Mal de Rio Cuarto virus
(MRCV)
Rice stripe
Genus
Tenuivirus
,
Rice stripe virus
(RSV)
Wheat streak mosaic
Genus
Tritimovirus
,
Wheat streak mosaic virus
(WSMV)
Healthy Plants • Healthy World
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