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Diseases of Conifers
(Abies, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, and Other Species)

E. M. Hansen, K. J. Lewis, G. A. Chastagner, and A. Rossman, primary collators (last update: 7/6/2018)

 

Diseases of Abies spp. (Firs)

1. Abies sp.

2. A. alba (silver fir)

3. A. amabilis (Pacific silver fir)

4. A. balsamea (balsam fir)

5. A. bornmuelleriana (Turkish fir)

6. A. cephalonica (Greek fir)

7. A. concolor (white fir)

8. A. durangensis (Durango fir)

9. A. fargesii (Farges’ fir)

10. A. fraseri (Fraser fir)

11. A. grandis (grand fir)

12. A. koreana (Korean fir)

13. A. lasiocarpa (subalpine fir)

14. A. magnifica (red fir)

15. A. nebrodensis (Sicilian fir)

16. A. nordmanniana (Nordmann fir)

17. A. numidica (Algerian fir)

18. A. pinsapo (Spanish fir)

19. A. procera (noble fir)

20. A. religiosa (sacred fir)

21. A. sachalinensis (Sakhalin fir)

22. A. sibirica (Siberian fir)

23. A. veitchii (Veitch’s fir)

24. A. vejarii (Vejar’s fir)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cucurbitaria bud blight

Gemmamyces piceae (Borth.) Casagrande—2

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—1, 7, 11

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—1

          (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Delphinella shoot blight

Delphinella abietis (Rostr.) E. Müll.—2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 22

D. balsameae (Waterman) E. Müll.—1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 18, 19

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.;
     M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.;
     Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—1

Grovesiella canker

Grovesiella abieticola (Zeller & Goodd.) M. Morelet & Gremmen—2

          (syn. Pitostroma abietinum Kowalski & Sieber)

G. grantii A. Funk—1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 13, 14, 19

Lachnellula cankers

Lachnellula agassizii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Dennis—4, 10

L. arida (W. Phillips) Dennis—4

L. calyciformis (Batsch) Dharne—1

Perrotia gallica (P. Karst. & Har.) Spooner—4

Neonectria canker

Neonectria neomacrospora (C. Booth & Samuels) Mantiri & Samuels—2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22

Neonectria flute canker

Neonectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman—1

     (syn. Nectria fuckeliana C. Booth)

Phomopsis canker

Diaporthe sp.—1

     (syn. Phomopsis sp.)

Scleroderris canker

Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) M. Morelet—1, 4, 21

     (syns. Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Schläpf.-Bernh; Brunchorstia pinea (P. Karst.) Höhn.; Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen)

G. abietina var. abietina—1, 21

G. abietina var. balsamea—4

Sclerophoma shoot dieback

Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—1, 13, 16

Thyronectria canker

Thyronectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Seeler—1, 4, 7, 10, 13

syns. Nectria balsamea Cooke & Peck; Pleonectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Lar. N. Vassiljeva)

T. pinicola (Kirschst.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr—1, 4, 7, 10, 13

syn. Pleonectria pinicola Kirschst.)

Other canker and twig blight pathogens

Camarographium abietis (M. Wilson & R. B. Anderson) Grove—1, 7, 13, 19

Phacidiopycnis balsamicola A. Funk—1

     (syn. Phacidium balsamicola (Smerlis) DiCosmo, Nag Raj & Kendr.)

Porodaedalea cancriformans (M. J. Larsen, Lombard, & Aho) T. Wagner & M. Fisch.—7

Disease with an Insect Vector

Procerum root disease

Leptographium procerum W. B. (Kendr.) M. J. Wingf.—10, 11

     (syn. Verticicladiella procera W. B. Kendr.)

Foliage Diseases

Black mildews and sooty molds

Eupelte farrae (Piroz. & Shoemaker) Arx & E. Müll.—1

     (syn. Maurodothina farrae Piroz. & Shoemaker)

Rasutoria abietis (Dearn.) M. E. Barr—1

     (syn. Epipolaeum abietis (Dearn.) Shoemaker)

Botrytis blight

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.—1

Current season needle necrosis

Physiological; Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—11, 13, 16, 19

Dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet—1

     (syns. Mycosphaerella pini Rostr.; Scirrhia pini A. Funk & A. K. Parker)

Felt blights and snow blights

Nematostoma parasiticum (R. Hartig) M. E. Barr—1, 2

     (syn. Herpotrichia parasitica (R. Hartig) Rostr.)

Fir broom rust

Melampsorella caryophyllacearum J. Schröt.—1, 4, 7, 10

Fir needle rust

Melampsora abieti-capraearum Tubeuf—1, 2, 16, 22

Milesina sp.—1

Pucciniastrum sp.—1

Pucciniastrum goeppertianum (Kühn) Kleb.—1

Uredinopsis sp.—1, 7, 11, 14

Interior needle blight

Curvularia sp.—1, 11, 13, 19

Mycosphaerella sp.—1, 11, 13, 19

Phaeocryptopus nudus (Peck) Petr.—1, 11, 13, 19

Phyllosticta sp.—1, 11, 13, 19

Rhizosphaera sp.—1, 11, 13, 19

Toxosporium sp.—11, 19

Isthmiella needle cast

Isthmiella abietis (Dearn.) Darke—11, 13

I. faullii (Darker) Darker—1, 10, 13

I. quadrispora Ziller—13

Lirula needle cast

Lirula abietis-concoloris (Mayor ex Dearn.) Darker 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19

L. mirabilis (Darker) Darker—1, 4, 13

L. nervata (Darker) Darker—4, 10, 13

Lophodermium needle cast

Lophodermium abietis Rostr.—1

L. seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar—1, 2

Rhizosphaera needle cast

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák—1

R. pini (Corda) Maubl.—1, 4, 10, 13, 16

Virgella needle blight

Virgella robusta (Tubeuf) Darker—3, 7, 11, 14, 19

Web blight

Rhizoctonia butinii Oberw., R. Bauer, Garnica & R. Kirschner—2, 11, 16, 19, 23

Other foliage pathogens

Atichia glomerulosa (Ach. ex H. Mann) Stein—11

     (syn. Seuratia millardetii (Racib.) Meeker)

Hyalopsora sp.—1

Parasitic Plants

Dwarf mistletoe

Arceuthobium abietinum—8, 14

A. abietinum f. sp. concoloris—1

A. abietinum f. sp. magnificae—14

A. abietinum subsp. wiensii—14

A. abietis-religiosae—20, 24

A. chinense—1

A. tibetense—1

A. tsugense subsp. amabilae—1

European mistletoe

Viscum album subsp. abietis—1, 2

Leafy mistletoe

Phoradendron sp.—1

P. abietinum—14

P. pauciflorum—7

Viscum album—2

V. album subsp. abietis—1

Mistletoe

Arceuthobium sp.—1

Taxillus kaempferi—1

White fir mistletoe

Phoradendron abietinum—8

P. pauciflorum—7

Phytophthora Diseases

Phytophthora root rot, stem canker, and shoot blight

Phytophthora sp.—1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19

P. cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt—1, 4, 7, 10

P. cambivora (Petri) Buisman—1, 19

P. cinnamomi Rands—1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 19

P. citricola Sawada—1, 4, 7, 10, 19

P. cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff.—1, 19

P. drechsleri Tucker—1, 10

P. gonapodyides (H. E. Petersen)—1, 19

P. inundata Brasier, Sánch. Hern. & S. A. Kirk—1, 16

P. megasperma Drechsler—1, 19

P. niederhauseri Z. G. Abad & J. A. Abad—1, 16

P. plurivora T. Jung & T. I. Burgess—1, 10

P. pseudotsugae Hamm & E. M. Hans.—1

P. sansomeana E. M. Hans. & Reeser—1

P. taxon kelmania—1

Ramorum disease of larch

Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock, & Man in ’t Veld—11

Root Rots

Annosus root rot

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—1, 2

Armillaria root rot

Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink—1, 2, 4

     (syns. Armillaria mellea var. obscura Gillet; Armillaria solidipes Peck;
     Armillariella obscura (Schaeff.) Romagn.; Armillariella ostoyae Romagn.)

Balsam butt rot

Oligoporus balsameus (Peck) Gilb. & Ryvarden—1, 4

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen—1

H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—1, 2

H. occidentale Otrosina & Garbelotto—1, 3, 11

     (syns. Fomes annosus (Fr.:Fr.) Cooke.; Fomitopsis annosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.; H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref.; Polyporus annosus Fr.:Fr.; Spiniger meineckellus (A. J. Olson) Stalpers; Trametes radiciperda R. Hartig)

Laminated root rot

Coniferiporia sulphurascens (Pilát) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—1, 2, 11

     (syns. Inonotus sulphurascens (Pilát) M. J. Larsen, Lombard, & J. W. Clark; Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilát) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus sulphurascens Pilát)

Red-brown butt rot

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat.—1

     (syn. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.:Fr.)

Other root rot pathogens

Coniophora puteana (Schumach.:Fr.) P. Karst.—4

Scytinostroma galactinum (Fr.) Donk—4

Stem Decays

Fir hydnum

Hericium abietis (Weir ex Hubert) K. A. Harrison—1, 7

     (syn. Hydnum abietis Weir ex Hubert)

Red ring rot

Porodaedalea cancriformans (M. J. Larsen, Lombard & Aho) T. Wagner & M. Fisch.—1

P. pini (Brot.) Murrill sensu latu—1

     (syns. Fomes pini (Thore) P. Karst.; Phellinus pini (Brot.) Bondartsev & Singer; Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.)

Red rot

Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Fr.—1

     (syns. Haematostereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Pouzar; Stereum balsameum Peck)

Rust-red stringy rot

Echinodontium tinctorium (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh.—1

White stringy rot

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto—1

Diseases of Agathis spp. (Kauri)

1. Agathis sp.

2. A. australis (kauri)

3. A. macrophylla (Pacific kauri)

4. A. ovata (mountain kauri)

5. A. robusta (Queensland kauri pine)

Phytophthora Disease

Kauri root and collar rot

Phytophthora agathidicida B. S. Weir, Beever, Pennycook, & Bellgard—2

Root Rot

Brown root rot

Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera—3, 4, 5

     (syns. Fomes noxius Corner; Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn.)

Diseases of Araucaria spp.

1. Araucaria sp.

2. A. bidwillii (bunya pine)

3. A. columnaris (Cook pine)

4. A. cunninghamii (hoop pine)

5. A. heterophylla      
     (syn. A. excelsa) (Norfolk Island pine)

6. A. hunsteinii (Klinki)

Cankers and Twig Blight

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—1

Foliage Disease

Needle rust

Mikronegeria sp.—1

Root Rots

Brown root rot

Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera—2, 3, 4, 5, 6

     (syns. Fomes noxius Corner; Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn.)

Other root rot pathogen

Junghuhnia vincta (Berk.) I. Hood & M. Dick.—4

     (syns. Poria vincta (Berk.) Cooke; Rigidoporus vinctus (Berk.) Ryvarden)

Diseases of Austrocedrus sp.

1. Austrocedrus chilensis

Foliage Disease

White needle rust

Mikronegeria alba Oehrens & R. S. Peterson—1

Phytophthora Disease

Mal del ciprés

Phytophthora austrocedri Gresl. & E. M. Hansen—1

     (syn. P. austrocedrae Gresl. & E. M. Hansen)

Diseases of CALOCEDRUS spP. (Incense Cedar)

1. Calocedrus sp.      
     (syn. Libocedrus)

2. C. decurrens (California incense cedar)

3. C. formosana (Taiwan incense cedar)

Canker and Twig Blight

Cypress canker

Seiridium cardinale (W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I. Gibson—2

     (syn. Coryneum cardinale W. Wagener)

Root Rot

Brown root rot

Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera—3

     (syns. Fomes noxius Corner; Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn.)

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—1

H. irregulare Garbelotto & Otrosina—1

Stem Rust

Gymnosporangium stem rust

Gymnosporangium libocedri (Henn.) F. Kern—1

Diseases of Cedrus spp. (Cedar)

1. Cedrus sp.

2. C. atlantica (Atlas cedar)

3. C. deodara (deodar cedar)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—3

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—1

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—1

Sirococcus tip blight

Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P. F. Cannon & Minter—1

     (syn. S. strobilinus (Desm.) Petr.

Other canker and twig blight pathogen

Diaporthe juniperivora (G. G. Hahn) Rossman & Udayanga—1

     (syn. Phomopsis juniperivora G. G. Hahn)

Root Rot

Red-brown butt rot

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat.—1

     (syn. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.:Fr.)

Stem Decay

Stem decay

Phellinus pini (Brot.) Bondartsev & Singer—2

Stem Rust

Peridermium witches’-broom

Peridermium cedri Barclay—3

Diseases of Chamaecyparis (Callitropsis) spp. (False Cypress)

1. Chamaecyparis sp.

2. C. formosensis (Taiwan cypress)

3. C. lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar)

4. C. obtusa (hinoki cypress)

5. C. pisifera (sawara cypress)

6. C. thyoides (Atlantic white cedar)

7. Callitropsis nootkatensis (Alaska cedar, yellow cedar)

Canker and Twig Blights

Cypress canker

Seiridium cardinale (W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I. Gibson—3, 4, 5, 6, 7

     (syn. Coryneum cardinale W. Wagener)

S. cupressi (Guba) Boesew.—3, 4, 5, 6, 7

     (syn. Cryptostictis cupressi Guba)

S. unicorne (Cooke & Ellis) B. Sutton—3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Cytospora canker and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—1

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

Other canker and twig blight pathogens

Diaporthe juniperivora (G. G. Hahn) Rossman & Udayanga—1

     (syn. Phomopsis juniperivora G. G. Hahn)

Kabatina juniperi R. Schneid. & Arx—1

K. thujae R. Schneid. & Arx—1

Foliage Diseases

Cercospora needle blight

Passalora sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) Y. L. Guo & W. H. Hsieh—1

     (syns. Asperisporium sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton & Hodges; Cercospora sequoiae Ellis & Everh.)

Other foliage pathogens

Didymascella chamaecyparidis (J. F. Adams) Maire—6

Kabatina thujae R. Schneid. & Arx—7

Pseudocercospora thujina (Dearness) U. Braun & C. Nakash.—3

     (syn. Stigmina thujina (Dearn.) B. Sutton)

Phytophthora Diseases

Mal del ciprés

Phytophthora austrocedri Gresl. & E. M. Hansen—1

     (syn. P. austrocedrae Gresl. & E. M. Hansen)

Port Orford cedar root disease

Phytophthora lateralis Tucker & Milbrath—3, 4

Root Rot

Brown root rot

Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera—2, 4

     (syns. Fomes noxius Corner; Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn.)

Cedar laminated butt rot

Coniferiporia weirii (Murrill) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—7

     (syns. Inonotus weirii (Murrill) Kotl. & Pouzar; Phellinidium weirii (Murrill) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus weirii (Murrill) Gilb.; Poria weirii (Murrill) Murrill)

Stem Rusts

Gymnosporangium rusts

Gymnosporangium biseptatum Ellis—1

G. ellisii De Toni—1

G. hyalinum F. Kern ex Cummins—1

G. miyabei G. Yamada & Miyabe—1

Diseases of Cupressus spp. (Cypress)

1. Cupressus sp.

2. C. arizonica (Arizona cypress)

3. C. lusitanica (Mexican cypress)

4. C. macrocarpa (Monterey cypress)

5. C. sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress)

6. C. torulosa (Himalayan cypress)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cypress canker

Seiridium cardinale (W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I. Gibson—2, 3, 4, 5, 6

     (syn. Coryneum cardinale W. Wagener)

S. cupressi (Guba) Boesew.—2, 3, 4, 5, 6

syn. Cryptostictis cupressi Guba)

S. unicorne (Cooke & Ellis) B. Sutton—2,3, 4, 5, 6

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—4

     (syn. Valsa abietis Fr. : Fr.)

C. kunzei Sacc.—1

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—1

Other canker and twig blight pathogen

Diaporthe juniperivora (G. G. Hahn) Rossman & Udayanga—1

     (syn. Phomopsis juniperivora G. G. Hahn)

Foliage Diseases

Cercospora needle blight

Passalora sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) Y. L. Guo & W. H. Hsieh—1, 2

     (syns. Asperisporium sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton & Hodges; Cercospora sequoiae Ellis & Everh.)

Cypress leaf blight and dieback

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.—1

Seiridium unicorne (Cooke & Ellis) B. Sutton—1

Parasitic Plants

Leafy mistletoe

Phoradendron sp.—1

Psittacanthus americanus—1

P. angustifolius—1

P. calyculatus—1

P. macrantherus—1

Root Rot

Brown root rot

Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera—1, 3

     (syns. Fomes noxius Corner; Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn.)

Stem Rusts

Gymnosporangium rusts

Gymnosporangium clavipes (Cooke & Peck) Cooke & Peck—1

G. cunninghamianum Barclay—1

G. cupressi Barclay—1

G. sabinae (Dicks.) G. Winter—1

G. taianum F. Kern—1

G. tsingchenense C. T. Wei—1

Uredo apacheca R. S. Peterson—1

Diseases of Juniperus spp. (Junipers)

1. Juniperus sp.

2. J. brevifolia (Azores juniper)

3. J. communis (common juniper)

4. J. sabina (savin juniper)

5. J. virginiana (red cedar)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cypress canker

Seiridium cardinale (W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I. Gibson—1, 4, 5

     (syn. Coryneum cardinale W. Wagener)

S. cupressi (Guba) Boesew.—1, 4, 5

     (syn. Cryptostictis cupressi Guba)

S. unicorne (Cooke & Ellis) B. Sutton—1, 4, 5

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—3

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—1

Other canker and twig blight pathogen

Kabatina thujae R. Schneid. & Arx—1

Foliage Diseases

Cercospora needle blight

Passalora sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) Y. L. Guo & W. H. Hsieh—1

     (syns. Asperisporium sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton & Hodges; Cercospora sequoiae Ellis & Everh.)

Other foliage pathogens

Lophodermium juniperinum (Fr.) De Not.—3

Phomopsis juniperivora G. G. Hahn—3

Parasitic Plants

Dwarf mistletoes

Arceuthobium sp.—1

A. azoricum—2

A. juniperi-procerae—1

A. oxycedri—1

Leafy mistletoes

Phoradendron sp.—1

P. adamsii—1

P. bolleanum—1

P. capitellatum—1

P. densum—1

P. hawksworthii—1

P. juniperinum—1

P. minutifolium—1

P. rufescens—1

P. saltillense—1

Other parasitic plant pathogen

Orobanche minor—1

Phytophthora Diseases

Mal del ciprés

Phytophthora austrocedri Gresl. & E. M. Hansen—3

     (syn. P. austrocedrae Gresl. & E. M. Hansen)

Other Phytophthora pathogen

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands—3

Root Rots

Cedar laminated butt rot

Coniferiporia weirii (Murrill) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—1

     (syns. Inonotus weirii (Murrill) Kotl. & Pouzar; Phellinidium weirii (Murrill) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus weirii (Murrill) Gilb.; Poria weirii (Murrill) Murrill)

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—1

H. irregulare Garbelotto & Otrosina—1

Stem Rusts

Cedar–apple rust

Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein.—5

Gymnosporangium stem rusts

Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Dietel—1, 3

G. clavipes Cooke & Peck—1

G. confusum Plowr.—1

G. cornutum Arthur ex F. Kern—1, 3

G. gracile Pat.—1

G. monticola H.Y. Yun—1

G. sabinae (Dicks.) G. Winter—1

G. tremelloides R. Hartig—1

Diseases of Larix spp. (Larch)

1. Larix sp.

2. L. decidua (European larch)

3. L. europaea (European larch)

4. L. kaempferi (Japanese larch)

5. L. laricina (tamarack)

6. L. occidentalis (western larch)

7. L. sibirica (Russian larch)

8. L. × eurolepis (hybrid larch)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—1

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—1

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

European larch canker

Lachnellula willkommii (R. Hartig) Dennis—1, 2, 3

     (syns. Dasyscyphus willkommii (R. Hartig) Rehm; Trichoscyphella willkommii (R. Hartig) Nannf.)

Lachnellula cankers

Lachnellula laricis (Cooke) Dharne—1

L. occidentalis (Hahn & Ayers) Dharne—1

Larch Guignardia dieback

Guignardia laricina (Sawada) W. Yamam. & Kaz. Itô—1

Sclerophoma shoot dieback

Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—1

Thyronectria canker

Thyronectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Seeler—3, 7

     (syns. Nectria balsamea Cooke & Peck; Pleonectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Lar. N. Vassiljeva)

T. pinicola (Kirschst.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr—3, 7

     (syn. Pleonectria pinicola Kirschst.)

Other canker and twig blight pathogen

Gremmeniella laricina (Ettl.) Petrini, L.E. Petrini, Lafl. & Ouell.—1

Disease with Insect Vectors

Sirex–Amylostereum rot

Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.:Fr.) Boidin ex J. Erikss., Hjortstam & Ryvarden—1

A. chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Boidin—1

     (syn. Stereum chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Fr.)

Foliage Diseases

Dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma pini Hulbary—1

D. septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet—1

     (syns. Mycosphaerella pini Rostr.; Scirrhia pini A. Funk & A. K. Parker)

Larch needle cast

Mycosphaerella laricis-leptolepidis Kaz. Itô, K. Sato & M. Ota—1

Rhabdocline laricis (Vuill.) J. K. Stone—1

     (syn. Meria laricis Vuill.)

Needle rusts

Melampsora sp.—1

Melampsoridium sp.—1

Other foliage pathogens

Hypodermella laricis Tubeuf—1

     (syn. Leptothyrella laricis Dearn.)

Lophodermium sp.—1

Mycosphaerella laricina (R. Hartig) Mig.—1

Parasitic Plants

Dwarf mistletoe

Arceuthobium laricis—6

Leafy mistletoe

Viscum album subsp. austriacum—1

Phytophthora Diseases

Ramorum disease

Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock, & Man in ’t Veld—2, 4, 8

Other Phytophthora pathogens

P. gonapodyides (H. E. Petersen)—1

P. pseudosyringae T. Jung & Delatour—1

Root Rots

Brown root rot

Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera—4

     (syns. Fomes noxius Corner; Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn.)

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen—1

H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—1

H. irregulare Garbelotto & Otrosina—1

H. occidentale Otrosina & Garbelotto—1, 6

     (syns. Fomes annosus (Fr.:Fr.) Cooke.; Fomitopsis annosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.; H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref.; Polyporus annosus Fr.:Fr.; Spiniger meineckellus (A. J. Olson) Stalpers; Trametes radiciperda R. Hartig)

H. parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen—1

Laminated root rot

Coniferiporia sulphurascens (Pilát) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—1

     (syns. Inonotus sulphurascens (Pilát) M. J. Larsen, Lombard, & J. W. Clark; Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilát) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus sulphurascens Pilát)

Red-brown butt rot

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat.—1

     (syn. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.:Fr.)

Stem Decays

Red rot

Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Fr.—1

     (syns. Haematostereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Pouzar; Stereum balsameum Peck)

Rust-red stringy rot

Echinodontium tinctorium (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh.—6

White stringy rot

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto—1

Stem Rust

Pine twist rust

Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst.—1, 2
     (syn. M. pinitorqua Rostr.)

Diseases of Picea spp. (Spruce)

1. Picea sp.

2. P. abies (Norway spruce)

3. P. breweriana (Brewer’s spruce)

4. P. engelmannii (Engelmann spruce)

5. P. glauca (white spruce)

6. P. mariana (black spruce)

7. P. nigra (Austrian spruce)

8. P. omorica (Serbian spruce)

9. P. pungens (blue spruce)

10. P. rubens (red spruce)

11. P. sitchensis (Sitka spruce)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cucurbitaria bud blight

Camarosporium strobilinum E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc.—5

Dichomera gemmicola A. Funk & B. Sutton—4, 5, 11

Gemmamyces piceae (Borth.) Casagrande—1, 9

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—1

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—1, 2, 9

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.—2, 8

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.)
     Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea
     Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—1

Neonectria canker

Neonectria sp.—1

Neonectria flute canker

Neonectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman—2

     (syn. Nectria fuckeliana C. Booth)

Phomopsis canker

Phomopsis spp.—2, 5, 9

Phomopsis twig blight and canker

Phomopsis occulta Traverso—9

Pine Sphaeropsis dieback

Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton—1

Scleroderris canker

Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) M. Morelet—1, 2, 5, 6

     (syns. Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Schläpf.-Bernh; Brunchorstia pinea (P. Karst.) Höhn.; Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen)

G. abietina var. abietina (Lagerb.) M. Morelet—1, 2

G. abietina var. balsamea Petrini, L. E. Petrini, Lafl. & Ouell.—5, 6

Sclerophoma shoot dieback

Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—2

Sirococcus shoot blight

Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P. F. Cannon & Minter—2, 5, 9

     (syn. S. strobilinus (Desm.) Petr.

Sirococcus tip blight

Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P. F. Cannon & Minter—9, 11

     (syn. S. strobilinus (Desm.) Petr.

Thyronectria canker

Thyronectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Seeler—4, 7

     (syns. Nectria balsamea Cooke & Peck; Pleonectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Lar. N. Vassiljeva)

T. pinicola (Kirschst.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr—4, 7

     (syn. Pleonectria pinicola Kirschst.)

Other canker and twig blight pathogen

Phacidium coniferarum (Hahn) DiCosmo, Nag Raj & Kendr.—2

Diseases of Cones and Seeds

Spruce cone rusts

Chrysomyxa monesis Ziller—11

C. pyrolae (DC.) Rostr.—1

C. woronini Tranzschel—5, 6

Thekopsora cone rust

Thekopsora areolata (Fr.) Magnus—1

     (syn. Pucciniastrum areolatum (Fr.) G. H. Otth)

Diseases with Insect Vectors

Procerum root disease

Leptographium procerum W. B. (Kendr.) M. J. Wingf.—2

     (syn. Verticicladiella procera W. B. Kendr.)

Sirex–Amylostereum rot

Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.:Fr.) Boidin ex J. Erikss., Hjortstam & Ryvarden—1

A. chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Boidin—1

     (syn. Stereum chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Fr.)

Foliage Diseases

Dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma pini Hulbary—1

D. septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet—1

     (syns. Mycosphaerella pini Rostr.; Scirrhia pini A. Funk & A. K. Parker)

Herpotrichia needle browning

Nematostoma parasiticum (R. Hartig) M. E. Barr—1

     (syn. Herpotrichia parasitica (R. Hartig) Rostr.)

Isthmiella needle cast

Isthmiella faullii (Darker) Darker—6

     (syn. Bifusella faullii Darker)

Lirula needle casts

Lirula macrospora (R. Hartig) Darker—1

L. nervata (Darker) Darker—1

Lophodermium needle cast

Lophodermium abietis Rostr.—2

L. seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar—2

Needle blight

Isthmiella crepidiformis (Darker) Darker—4, 5

Lophodermium piceae (Fuckel) Höhn.—1

Phaeocryptopus nudus (Peck) Petr.—1

Rhizosphaera needle blight

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák—1, 2, 5, 9

Spruce broom rust

Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli Dietel—1

Spruce needle rusts

Ceropsora sp.—1

Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger—2, 5, 6, 9

Chrysomyxa deformans (Dietel) Jacz.—1

Chrysomyxa ledicola Lagerh.—1

Chrysomyxa weirii H. S. Jacks.—1

Spruce shoot rust

Chrysomyxa deformans (Dietel) Jacz.—1

C. woronini Tranzschel—1

Stigmina needle cast

Stigmina lautii B. Sutton—2, 5, 6, 9

Sudden needle drop

Setomelanomma holmii M. Morelet—2, 5, 9

Web blight

Rhizoctonia butinii Oberw., R. Bauer, Garnica & R. Kirschner—1

Other foliage pathogen

Stigmina verrucosa (Morgan-Jones) B. Sutton—4, 5, 6

Parasitic Plants

Dwarf mistletoe

Arceuthobium abietinum subsp. wiensii—3

A. microcarpum—4, 9

A. pusillum—1, 6

A. sichuanense—1

Leafy mistletoe

Viscum album subsp. austriacum—1

Other parasitic plant

Korthalsella dacrydii—1

Root Rots

Annosus root rot

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—2, 9

Armillaria root rot

Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink—1, 2

     (syns. Armillaria mellea var. obscura Gillet; Armillaria solidipes Peck; Armillariella obscura (Schaeff.) Romagn.; Armillariella ostoyae Romagn.)

Balsam butt rot

Oligoporus balsameus (Peck) Gilb. & Ryvarden—1

     (syns. Polyporus balsameus Peck; Postia balsamea (Peck) Jülich)

Coniophora root and butt rot

Coniophora puteana (Schumach.:Fr.) P. Karst.—1

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen—1

H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—2

H. occidentale Otrosina & Garbelotto—1, 11

     (syns. Fomes annosus (Fr.:Fr.) Cooke.; Fomitopsis annosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.; H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref.; Polyporus annosus Fr.:Fr.; Spiniger meineckellus (A. J. Olson) Stalpers; Trametes radiciperda R. Hartig)

H. parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen—1, 2

Laminated root rot

Coniferiporia sulphurascens (Pilát) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—1

     (syns. Inonotus sulphurascens (Pilát) M. J. Larsen, Lombard, & J. W. Clark; Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilát) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus sulphurascens Pilát)

Red-brown butt rot

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat.—1, 11

     (syn. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.:Fr.)

Red ring rot

Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill sensu latu—1

     (syns. Fomes pini (Thore) P. Karst.; Phellinus pini (Brot.) Bondartsev & Singer; Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.)

Rhizina root disease

Rhizina undulata Fr.:Fr.—10, 11

     (syn. R. inflata (Schaeff.) P. Karst.)

Tomentosus root rot

Onnia tomentosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.—1

     (syns. Coltricia tomentosa (Fr.:Fr.) Murrill; Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.:Fr.) S. Teng; Polyporus tomentosus Fr.:Fr.)

Other root rot pathogen

Scytinostroma galactinum (Fr.) Donk—1

Stem Decays

Fir hydnum

Hericium abietis (Weir ex Hubert) K. A. Harrison—1

     (syn. Hydnum abietis Weir ex Hubert)

Red rot

Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Fr.—2

     (syns. Haematostereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Pouzar; Stereum balsameum Peck)

Rust-red stringy rot

Echinodontium tinctorium (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh.—4, 5

White stringy rot

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto—1

Diseases of Pinus spp. (Pine)

1. Pinus sp.

2. P. albicaulis (whitebark pine)

3. P. aristata (bristlecone pine)

4. P. arizonica (Arizona pine)

5. P. attenuata (knobcone pine)

6. P. ayacahuite (Mexican white pine)

7. P. banksiana (jack pine)

8. P. brutia (Turkish pine)

9. P. caribaea (Caribbean pine)

10. P. caribaea var. hondurensis

11. P. cembra (Swiss stone pine)

12. P. cembroides subsp. orizabensis

13. P. chihuahuana

14. P. contorta (lodgepole pine)

15. P. coulteri (Coulter pine)

16. P. densiflora (Japanese red pine)

17. P. devoniana (Michoacan pine)

18. P. discolor (border pinyon)

19. P. durangensis (Durango pine)

20. P. echinata (shortleaf pine)

21. P. edulis (Colorado pinyon)

22. P. eldarica

23. P. elliotii (slash pine)

24. P. engelmannii (Apache pine)

25. P. excelsa

26. P. flexilis (limber pine)

27. P. griffithii

28. P. halepensis (Aleppo pine)

29. P. jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine)

30. P. kesiya (khasi pine)

31. P. koraiensis (Korean pine)

32. P. lambertiana (sugar pine)

33. P. laricio

34. P. luchuensis (Luchu pine)

35. P. massoniana (Chinese red pine)

36. P. merkusii (Sumatran pine)

37. P. monophyla (single-leaf pinyon)

38. P. montana

39. P. montezumae (Montezuma pine)

40. P. monticola (western white pine)

41. P. mugo (mugo pine)

42. P. muricata (bishop pine)

43. P. nigra (Austrian pine)

44. P. occidentalis

45. P. oocarpa

46. P. pallasiana

47. P. palustris (longleaf pine)

48. P. patula (Mexican weeping pine)

49. P. peuce (Macedonian white pine)

50. P. pinaster (maritime pine)

51. P. pinea (Italian stone pine)

52. P. ponderosa (ponderosa pine)

53. P. pumila (creeping pine)

54. P. radiata (Monterey pine)

55. P. resinosa (Norway pine or red pine)

56. P. rigida (pitch pine)

57. P. rotundata

58. P. roxburghii (chir pine)

59. P. sabiniana (California foothill pine)

60. P. strobiformis (southwestern white pine)

61. P. strobus (eastern white pine)

62. P. sylvestris (Scots pine)

63. P. tabuliformis (southern Chinese pine)

64. P. taeda (loblolly pine)

65. P. taiwanensis (Taiwan red pine)

66. P. takahasii

67. P. thunbergii (Japanese black pine)

68. P. uncinata (mountain pine)

69. P. virginiana (Virginia pine)

70. P. wallichiana (Himalayan blue pine)

71. P. yunnanensis (Yunnan pine)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Atropellis canker

Atropellis piniphila (Weir) M. L. Lohman & Cash—14, 52, 62

     (syns. Atropellis arizonica M.L. Lohman & Cash; Cenangium piniphilum Weir)

Caliciopsis canker

Caliciopsis pinea Peck—1

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—1

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—1

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1, 43, 54, 55, 62

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.;
     M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.;
     Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—1, 54

Grovesiella canker

Grovesiella abieticola (Zeller & Goodd.) M. Morelet & Gremmen—40

     (syn. Pitostroma abietinum Kowalski & Sieber)

Lachnellula cankers

Lachnellula agassizii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Dennis—1

L. calyciformis (Batsch) Dharne—1

Neonectria flute canker

Neonectria fuckeliana (C. Booth) Castl. & Rossman—54

     (syn. Nectria fuckeliana C. Booth)

Phacidium canker

Allantophomopsiella pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) Crous—1

     (syns. Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) G. G. Hahn; Phacidium coniferarum (Hahn) DiCosmo, Nag Raj & Kendr.)

Pitch canker

Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O’Donnell—1, 8, 48, 54, 64

     (syns. F. lateritium f. sp. pini Hepting; F. moniliforme var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reinking; F. subglutinans f. sp. pini J. C. Correll et al.; Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O’Donnell)

Scleroderris canker

Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) M. Morelet—14, 40, 43, 50, 52, 55, 62

     (syns. Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Schläpf.-Bernh; Brunchorstia pinea (P. Karst.) Höhn.; Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen)

G. abietina var. abietina (Lagerb.) M. Morelet—1, 14, 43, 55, 62

G. abietina var. cembrae—11, 41

Sclerophoma shoot dieback

Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—1

Sirococcus tip blight

Sirococcus conigenus (Pers.) P. F. Cannon & Minter—14, 55, 62

     (syn. S. strobilinus (Desm.) Petr.

Thyronectria canker

Thyronectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Seeler—7, 25, 27, 55, 61, 70

     (syns. Nectria balsamea Cooke & Peck; Pleonectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Lar. N. Vassiljeva)

T. pinicola (Kirschst.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr—1, 54, 62

     (syn. Pleonectria pinicola Kirschst.)

Other canker and twig blight pathogens

Cenangium ferruginosum Fr.:Fr.—1

Crumenulopsis sororia (P. Karst.) J. W. Groves—1

Ramichloridium pini de Hoog & Rahman—14

Tympanis hypopodia Nyl.—14

Disease of Cones and Seeds

Pine cone rust

Cronartium conigenum Hedgc. & N. Hunt—1

C. strobilinum Hedgc. & Hahn—9, 47

Diseases with Insect Vectors

Black stain root disease

Leptographium wageneri (Kendr.) M. J. Wingfield—14, 37, 52

     (syns. Ceratocystis wageneri Goheen & F. W. Cobb; Grosmannia wageneri (Goheen & F. W. Cobb) Zipfel, Z. W. de Beer & M. J. Wingf.; Ophiostoma wageneri (Goheen & F. W. Cobb) T. C. Harr.; Verticicladiella wageneri W. B. Kendr.)

Pine wilt disease (pine wood or pine wilt nematode)

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus—1, 5, 14, 34, 35, 43, 50, 54, 62, 67

Procerum root disease

Leptographium procerum W. B. (Kendr.) M. J. Wingf.—1, 43, 61, 62

     (syn. Verticicladiella procera W. B. Kendr.)

Sirex–Amylostereum rot

Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.:Fr.) Boidin ex J. Erikss., Hjortstam & Ryvarden—1, 48, 54, 64

A. chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Boidin—1, 48, 54, 64

     (syn. Stereum chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Fr.)

Southern pine decline

Leptographium sp.—1, 20, 23, 47, 64

Foliage Diseases

Bifusella needle blights

Bifusella linearis (Peck) Höhn.—2, 26, 40, 61

B. pini (Dearn.) Darker—14, 21, 26, 37

B. saccata (Darker) Darker—2

Brown spot needle blight

Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Syd.—1, 47, 61, 62

     (syns. Dothidea acicola (Dearn.) M. Morelet; Dothistroma acicola (Thüm.) Schischkina & Tsanava; Eruptio acicola (Dearn.) M. E. Barr; Lecanosticta pini Syd.; Mycosphaerella dearnessii M. E. Barr; Oligostroma acicola Dearn.; Scirrhia acicola (Dearn.) Sigg.; Septoria acicola (Thüm.) Sacc.; Systremma acicola (Dearn.) F. A. Wolf & Barbour)

Coleosporium needle rust

Coleosporium asterum (Dietel) Syd. & P. Syd.—1, 43, 55, 62

Cyclaneusma needle cast

Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter—1, 54, 62

     (syn. Naemacyclus minor Butin)

Davisomycella needle cast

Davisomycella spp.—7, 14

Dooks needle blight

Lophophacidium dooksii Corlett & Shoemaker—40, 49, 61, 70

     (syn. Canavirgella banfieldii W. Merrill, N. G. Wenner & T. A. Dreisbach)

Dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma pini Hulbary—1, 14, 43, 54, 55, 62

D. septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet—1, 14, 43, 52, 54, 55, 62

     (syns. Mycosphaerella pini Rostr.; Scirrhia pini A. Funk & A. K. Parker)

Isthmiella needle cast

Isthmiella faullii (Darker) Darker—1, 61

     (syn. Bifusella faullii Darker)

Lophodermella needle casts

Lophodermella arcuata (Darker) Darker—2, 26, 32, 40

L. cerina (Darker) Darker—14, 23, 52, 64

L. concolor (Dearn.) Darker—5, 7, 8

L. montivaga Petr.—5, 7, 8

L. morbida Staley & Bynum—5, 52

L. sulcigena (Rostr.) Höhn—62

Lophodermium needle casts

Lophodermium australe Dearn.—1

L. seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar—1, 43, 50, 55, 61, 62

Meloderma needle blight

Meloderma desmazieri (Duby) Darker—1, 7, 26, 40, 54, 55, 56, 61, 70

Pine needle rusts

Coleosporium sp.—1

C. asterum (Dietel) Syd. & P. Syd.—1, 55, 62

Ploioderma needle cast

Ploioderma lethale (Dearn.) Darker—1, 43, 55

Rhizosphaera needle cast

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák—1, 52, 67

R. pini (Corda) Maubl.—1

White pine needle cast

Bifusella linearis (Peck) Höhn.—61

Canavirgella banfieldii W. Merrill, N. G. Wenner & T. A. Dreisbach—61

Other foliage pathogens

Cercoseptoria pini-densiflorae (Hori & N. Nambu) Deighton—1

Phacidium coniferarum (Hahn) DiCosmo, Nag Raj & Kendr.—14, 62

P. infestans P. Karst.—62

Parasitic Plants

Dwarf mistletoe

Arceuthobium americanum—14

A. apachecum—60

A. bicarnatum—44

A. blumeri—60

A. californicum—32

A. campylopodum—29, 52

A. cyanocarpum—1

A. divaricatum—1

A. durangense—19, 39

A. gillii—13

A. globosum subsp. aureum—1

A. globosum subsp. globosum—1

A. globosum subsp. grandicaule—1

A. globosum subsp. petersonii—1

A. guatemalense—6

A. hondurense—45

A. hondurense subsp. hawksworthii—10

A. microcarpum subsp. aristatae—3

A. minutissimum—27

A. monticola—40

A. nigrum—1

A. occidentale—59

A. pendens—12, 18

A. pini—63

A. rubrum—1

A. siskiyouense—5

A. strictum—1

A. tsugense subsp. contortae—14

A. vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum—52

A. vaginatum subsp. vaginatum—1

A. verticilliflorum—1

A. yecorense—1

European mistletoe

Viscum album—43, 62

Leafy mistletoe

Psittacanthus spp.—1

Phytophthora Diseases

Daño foliar del pino

Phytophthora pinifolia Alv. Durán, Gryzenh. & M. J. Wingf.—54

Littleleaf disease

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands—20, 64, 69

Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt—40, 61

P. cambivora (Petri) Buisman—40, 61

P. cinnamomi Rands—1, 20, 40, 54, 61

P. citricola Sawada—40, 61

P. cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff.—40, 61

P. drechsleri Tucker—40, 61

P. gonapodyides (H. E. Petersen) Buisman—40, 61

P. inundata Brasier, Sánch. Hern. & S. A. Kirk—40, 61

P. megasperma Drechsler—40, 61

P. niederhauseri Z. G. Abad & J. A. Abad—40, 61

P. plurivora T. Jung & T. I. Burgess—40, 61

P. pseudotsugae Hamm & E. M. Hans.—40, 61

Red needle cast

Phytophthora pluvialis Reeser, W. Sutton, & E. Hansen—48, 54

Root Rots

Armillaria root rot

Armillaria fuscipes Petch—1

A. limonea (G. Stev.) Boesew.—54

A. novae-zelandiae (G. Stev.) Herink—54

A. ostoyae (Romagn.)—14, 43, 50, 54, 62

Brown root rot

Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera—1, 9, 23, 30, 36, 67

     (syns. Fomes noxius Corner; Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn.)

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—1, 50, 62

H. irregulare Garbelotto & Otrosina—1, 28, 51

Laminated root rot

Coniferiporia sulphurascens (Pilát) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—1

     (syns. Inonotus sulphurascens (Pilát) M. J. Larsen, Lombard, & J. W. Clark; Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilát) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus sulphurascens Pilát)

Red-brown butt rot

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat.—1, 49, 54

     (syn. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.:Fr.)

Tomentosus root rot

Onnia tomentosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.—1, 7, 14

     (syns. Coltricia tomentosa (Fr.:Fr.) Murrill; Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.:Fr.) S. Teng; Polyporus tomentosus Fr.:Fr.)

Other root rot pathogens

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—9, 64

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

Ganoderma australe (Fr.:Fr.) Pat.—30

Gloeopeniophorella sacrata (G. Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden—54

Junghuhnia vincta (Berk.) I. Hood & M. Dick.—54

     (syns. Poria vincta (Berk.) Cooke; Rigidoporus vinctus (Berk.) Ryvarden)

Pseudophaeolus baudoni (Pat.) Ryvarden—1, 9

Rhizina undulata Fr.:Fr.—1

syn. R. inflata (Schaeff.) P. Karst.)

Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.) Ryvarden—30

Rosellinia spp.—54

Stem Decays

Red ring rot

Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill sensu latu—1, 7, 14, 61

     (syns. Fomes pini (Thore) P. Karst.; Phellinus pini (Brot.) Bondartsev & Singer; Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.)

Red rot

Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Fr.—1, 48, 54

     (syns. Haematostereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Pouzar; Stereum balsameum Peck)

White stringy rot

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto—1, 61

Stem Rusts

Appalachian blister rust

Cronartium appalachianum Hepting—69

Comandra blister rust

Cronartium comandrae Peck—1, 7, 14, 20, 22, 26, 52, 64

Eastern gall rust

Cronartium quercuum f. sp. banksianae Burds. & G. A. Snow—2

Fusiform rust

Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme Burds. & G. A. Snow—1, 9, 23, 64

     (syn. C. fusiforme (Arthur & F. Kern) Hedgc. & N. R. Hunt)

Limb rust

Cronartium arizonicum Cummins—4, 15, 17, 19, 24, 29, 52

     (syn. Peridermium filamentosum Peck)

Mistletoe blister rust

Peridermium bethelii Hedgc. & Long—14, 52

Pine blister rust

Cronartium himalayense Bagchee—58

Pine-to-pine soft pine rust

Endocronartium sahoanum M. Imazu & Kakish.—53

E. yamabense (Saho & I. Takah.) V. Paclt—53

Pine twist rust

Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst.—14, 28, 38, 43, 50, 51, 61, 62

     (syn. M.pinitorqua Rostr.)

Pinyon blister rust

Cronartium occidentale Hedgc., Bethel & N. Hunt—8, 37

Resin top disease

Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter—8, 16, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71

     (syn. C. asclepiadeum (Willd.) Fr. var. thesii Berk.)

Stalactiform blister rust

Cronartium coleosporioides Arthur—1, 7, 8

     (syn. Peridermium stalactiforme Arthur & F. Kern)

Sweetfern blister rust

Cronartium comptoniae Arthur—1, 7, 8, 35, 42, 52, 54, 55, 56, 62, 64

Western gall rust

Endocronartium harknessii (J. P. Moore) Y. Hirats.—7, 14, 41, 42, 43, 50, 52, 54, 62

syn. Peridermium harknessii J. P. Moore)

White pine blister rust

Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fisch.—1, 3, 26, 32, 40, 61

Diseases of Pseudotsuga spp. (Douglas-Fir)

1. Pseudotsuga sp.

2. P. menziesii (Douglas-fir)

3. P. macrocarpa (bigcone Douglas-fir)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—2

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—1, 2

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—2

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—2

Lachnellula canker

Lachnellula pseudotsugae (Hahn) Dennis—2

Phacidium canker

Allantophomopsiella pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) Crous—2

     (syns. Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) G. G. Hahn; Phacidium coniferarum (Hahn) DiCosmo, Nag Raj & Kendr.)

Phomopsis canker

Phomopsis spp.—2

Pitch canker

Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O’Donnell—2

     (syns. F. lateritium f. sp. pini Hepting; F. moniliforme var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reinking; F. subglutinans f. sp. pini J. C. Correll et al.; Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O’Donnell)

Scleroderris canker

Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) M. Morelet—1, 2

     (syns. Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Schläpf.-Bernh; Brunchorstia pinea (P. Karst.) Höhn.; Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen)

Sclerophoma shoot dieback

Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—2

Other canker and twig blight pathogens

Coccomyces pseudotsugae A. Funk—2

Dermea boycei (Dearn.) Rossman—2

     (syn. Dermea pseudotsugae A. Funk)

Diaporthe lokoyae A. Funk—2

syn. Phomopsis lokoyae Hahn)

Durandiella pseudotsugae A. Funk—2

Diseases with Insect Vectors

Black stain root disease

Leptographium wageneri var. pseudotsugae T. C. Harr. & F. W. Cobb—2

Procerum root disease

Leptographium procerum W. B. (Kendr.) M. J. Wingf.—2

     (syn. Verticicladiella procera W. B. Kendr.)

Sirex–Amylostereum rot

Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.:Fr.) Boidin ex J. Erikss., Hjortstam & Ryvarden—2

A. chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Boidin—2

     (syn. Stereum chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Fr.)

Foliage Diseases

Black mildew

Rasutoria pseudotsugae (V. A. M. Mill. & Bonar) M. E. Barr—2

Botrytis blight

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.—2

Rhabdocline needle cast

Rhabdocline epiphylla (A. K. Parker & J. Reid) J. K. Stone & D. S. Gernandt—2

R. oblonga (A. K. Parker & J. Reid) J. K. Stone & D. S. Gernandt—2

R. obovata (A. K. Parker & J. Reid) J. K. Stone & D. S. Gernandt—2

R. pseudotsugae Syd.—2

R. weirii A. K. Parker & J. Reid—2, 3

Rhizosphaera needle cast in Christmas trees

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák—1

Swiss needle cast

Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Videira, C. Nakash., U. Braun & Crous—2, 3

     (syns. Adelopus gaeumannii T. Rohde; Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Petr.)

Web blight

Rhizoctonia spp.—2

Other foliage pathogens

Melampsora occidentalis H. Jacks.—2

Melampsoridium sp.—2

Parasitic Plant

Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe

Arceuthobium douglasii—1, 2

Phytophthora Diseases

Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora pseudotsugae Hamm & E. M. Hans.—2

P. sansomeana E.M. Hansen—2

P. taxon kelmania—2

Ramorum disease of larch

Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock, & Man in ’t Veld—2

Red needle cast

Phytophthora pluvialis Reeser, W. Sutton, & E. Hansen—2

Root Rots

Armillaria root disease

Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink—2

     (syns. Armillaria mellea var. obscura Gillet; Armillaria solidipes Peck; Armillariella obscura (Schaeff.) Romagn.; Armillariella ostoyae Romagn.)

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen—2

H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto—2

H. irregulare Garbelotto & Otrosina—2

H. occidentale Otrosina & Garbelotto—1, 2, 3

     (syns. Fomes annosus (Fr.:Fr.) Cooke.; Fomitopsis annosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.; H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref.; Polyporus annosus Fr.:Fr.; Spiniger meineckellus (A. J. Olson) Stalpers; Trametes radiciperda R. Hartig)

H. parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen—2

Laminated root rot

Coniferiporia sulphurascens (Pilát) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—2

     (syns. Inonotus sulphurascens (Pilát) M. J. Larsen, Lombard, & J. W. Clark; Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilát) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus sulphurascens Pilát)

Red-brown butt rot

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.:Fr.) Pat.—2

     (syn. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr.:Fr.)

Rhizina root disease

Rhizina undulata Fr.:Fr.—2

     (syn. R. inflata (Schaeff.) P. Karst.)

Other root rot pathogen

Sparassis crispa (Wulfen:Fr.) Fr.—2

     (syn. S. radicata Weir)

Stem Decays

Red rot

Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Fr.—2

     (syns. Haematostereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Pouzar; Stereum balsameum Peck)

Rust-red stringy rot

Echinodontium tinctorium (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh.—2

White stringy rot

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto—2

Yellow-brown top rot

Fomitopsis cajanderi (P. Karst.) Kotl. & Pouzar—2

     (syns. Fomes cajanderi Weir; F. subroseus (Weir) Overh.; Trametes carnea Wettst.; T. subrosea Weir,)

Stem Rust

Pine twist rust

Melampsora populnea (Pers.) P. Karst.—2

     (syn. M. pinitorqua Rostr.)

Diseases of Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, and Metasequoia spp. (Redwood and Sequoia)

1. Sequoia sp.

2. Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood)

3. Sequoiadendron sp.

4. Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia)

5. Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cypress canker

Seiridium cardinale (W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I. Gibson—4

     (syn. Coryneum cardinale W. Wagener)

S. cupressi (Guba) Boesew.—4

     (syn. Cryptostictis cupressi Guba)

S. unicorne (Cooke & Ellis) B. Sutton—4

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—2, 5

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

Other canker and twig blight pathogen

Diaporthe juniperivora (G. G. Hahn) Rossman & Udayanga—3

     (syn. Phomopsis juniperivora G. G. Hahn)

Foliage Diseases

Cercospora needle blight

Passalora sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) Y. L. Guo & W. H. Hsieh—1, 3

     (syns. Asperisporium sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton & Hodges; Cercospora sequoiae Ellis & Everh.)

Rhizosphaera needle cast

Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák—2

Other foliage pathogen

Ceriporiopsis rivulosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Ryvarden—1

     (syn. Poria albipellucida D. V. Baxter)

Root Rot

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion irregulare Garbelotto & Otrosina—1, 3

H. occidentale Otrosina & Garbelotto—1, 3

     (syns. Fomes annosus (Fr.:Fr.) Cooke.; Fomitopsis annosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.; H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref.; Polyporus annosus Fr.:Fr.; Spiniger meineckellus (A. J. Olson) Stalpers; Trametes radiciperda R. Hartig)

Diseases of Taxus spp. (Yew)

1. Taxus sp.

2. T. brevifolia (Pacific yew)

Cankers and Twig Blight

Canker and twig blight

Diaporthe juniperivora (G. G. Hahn) Rossman & Udayanga—1

     (syn. Phomopsis juniperivora G. G. Hahn)

Foliage Diseases

Black mildew

Asteridiella pitya (Sacc.) Hansf.—1

Snow blight

Phacidium dearnessii DiCosmo, Nag Raj, & Kendr.—1

P. taxicola Dearn. & House—1

Phytophthora Disease

Port Orford cedar root disease

Phytophthora lateralis Tucker & Milbrath—2

Diseases of Thuja spp. (Arborvitae)

1. Thuja sp.

2. T. occidentalis (eastern arborvitae)

3. T. orientalis (Oriental arborvitae)

4. T. plicata (western redcedar)

Cankers and Twig Blights

Cypress canker

Seiridium cardinale (W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I. Gibson—1, 2, 3

     (syn. Coryneum cardinale W. Wagener)

S. cupressi (Guba) Boesew.—4

     (syn. Cryptostictis cupressi Guba)

S. unicorne (Cooke & Ellis) B. Sutton—4

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—4

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—4

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Diplodia shoot blight and canker

Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel—1

     (syns. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx fil.; Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Syd. & Petr.; M. sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Petr.; Sphaeria pinea Desm.; Sphaeria sapinea Fr.:Fr.; Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton)

D. scrobiculata J. de Wet, Slippers & M. J. Wingf.—1

Sclerophoma shoot dieback

Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—1

Thyronectria canker

Thyronectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Seeler—2

     (syns. Nectria balsamea Cooke & Peck; Pleonectria balsamea (Cooke & Peck) Lar. N. Vassiljeva)

Other canker and twig blight pathogen

Kabatina juniperi R. Schneid. & Arx—1

Foliage Diseases

Cedar leaf blight

Didymascella thujina (E. J. Durand) Maire—2, 4

     (syn. Keithia thujina E. J. Durand)

Cercospora needle blight

Passalora sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) Y. L. Guo & W. H. Hsieh—1

     (syns. Asperisporium sequoiae (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton & Hodges; Cercospora sequoiae Ellis & Everh.)

Other foliage pathogen

Pseudocercospora thujina (Dearness) U. Braun & C. Nakash.—4

     (syn. Stigmina thujina (Dearn.) B. Sutton)

Phytophthora Disease

Port Orford cedar root disease

Phytophthora lateralis Tucker & Milbrath—2, 4

Root Rots

Cedar laminated butt rot

Coniferiporia weirii (Murrill) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—4

     (syns. Inonotus weirii (Murrill) Kotl. & Pouzar; Phellinidium weirii (Murrill) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus weirii (Murrill) Gilb.; Poria weirii (Murrill) Murrill)

White stringy rot

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto—1

Diseases of Tsuga spp. (Hemlock)

1. Tsuga sp.

2. T. canadensis (eastern hemlock)

3. T. caroliniana (Carolina hemlock)

4. T. diversifolia (northern Japanese hemlock)

5. T. heterophylla (western hemlock)

6. T. mertensiana (mountain hemlock)

Canker and Twig Blights

Cytospora cankers and dieback

Cytospora abietis Sacc.—1

     (syn. Valsa abietis (Fr.:Fr))

C. kunzei Sacc.—2

     (syn. Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk)

Sclerophoma shoot dieback

Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll.—5

Sirococcus tip blight

Sirococcus tsugae Rossman, Castl., D. F. Farr & Stanosz—1

Other canker and twig blight pathogens

Diaporthe juniperivora (G. G. Hahn) Rossman & Udayanga—1

     (syn. Phomopsis juniperivora G. G. Hahn)

Discocainia treleasei (Sacc.) J. Reid & A. Funk—1

     (syn. Atropellis treleasei (Sacc.) Zeller & Goodd.)

Diplodia tsugae (A. Funk) A. J. L. Phillips & A. Alves—5

     (syn. Botryosphaeria tsugae A. Funk)

Therrya tsugae A. Funk—5

Diseases of Cones and Seeds

Hemlock cone rust

Hericium abietis (Weir ex Hubert) K. A. Harrison—6

     (syn. Hydnum abietis Weir ex Hubert)

Melampsora abietis-canadensis C. A. Ludw. ex Arthur—2, 3

M. farlowii (Arthur) Davis—2, 3

Disease with Insect Vectors

Black stain root disease

Leptographium. wageneri—2

L. wageneri var. ponderosum (T. C. Harr. & F. W. Cobb) T. C. Harr. & F. W. Cobb—6

Foliage Diseases

Black mildew

Rasutoria tsugae (Dearn.) M. E. Barr—2, 5, 6

Rhizosphaera needle cast

Rhizosphaera spp.—1

R. oudemansii Maubl.—1

R. pini (Corda) Maubl.—4

Web blight

Rhizoctonia spp.—5, 6

Other foliage pathogens

Fabrella tsugae (Farl.) Kirschst.—2, 5

     (syn. Didymascella tsugae (Farl.) Maire)

Korfia tsugae (Cash & R.W. Davidson) J. Reid & Cain—2

Parasitic Plants

Dwarf mistletoes

Arceuthobium laricis—6

A. tsugense subsp. amabilae—6

A. tsugense subsp. mertensianae—6

A. tsugense subsp. tsugense—5

Leafy mistletoe

Taxillus kaempferi—1

Phytophthora Disease

Ramorum disease of larch

Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock, & Man in ’t Veld—5

Root Rots

Heterobasidion root and butt rot

Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen—1

H. occidentale Otrosina & Garbelotto—1, 5

     (syns. Fomes annosus (Fr.:Fr.) Cooke.; Fomitopsis annosa (Fr.:Fr.) P. Karst.; H. annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref.; Polyporus annosus Fr.:Fr.; Spiniger meineckellus (A. J. Olson) Stalpers; Trametes radiciperda R. Hartig)

H. parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen—1

Laminated root rot

Coniferiporia sulphurascens (Pilát) L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai—6

     (syns. Inonotus sulphurascens (Pilát) M. J. Larsen, Lombard, & J. W. Clark; Phellinidium sulphurascens (Pilát) Y. C. Dai; Phellinus sulphurascens Pilát)

Rhizina root disease

Rhizina undulata Fr.:Fr.—5

     (syn. R. inflata (Schaeff.) P. Karst.)

Other root rot pathogen

Perenniporia subacida (Peck) Donk.—1

     (syn. Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc.)

Stem Decays

Fir hydnum

Hericium abietis (Weir ex Hubert) K. A. Harrison—1

     (syn. Hydnum abietis Weir ex Hubert)

Red ring rot

Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill sensu latu—1

     (syns. Fomes pini (Thore) P. Karst.; Phellinus pini (Brot.) Bondartsev & Singer; Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr.)

Rust-red stringy rot

Echinodontium tinctorium (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh.—1, 5

White stringy rot

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.:Fr.) Parmasto—1