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Diseases of Citrus (Citrus spp.)

L. W. Timmer, M. M. Dewdney, R. N. Inserram, and L. W. Duncan, collators (last updated 11/1/2015)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Bacterial spot

Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis Schaad et al.
         (syns. X. axonopodis pv. citrumelo (Gabriel et al.) Vauterin et al.; X. campestris
         pv. citrumelo (Hasse))

Black pit

Pseudomonas syringae van Hall

Blast

Pseudomonas syringae van Hall

Canker

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (ex Hasse) Gabriel et al.
         (syns. X. axonopodis pv. citri Hasse; X. campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye)

Citrus variegated chlorosis

Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.

Huanglongbing (Greening)

‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus'

‘Ca. L. americanus'

‘Ca. L. asiaticus'

Stubborn

Spiroplasma citri Saglio

FUNGAL AND OOMYCETE DISEASES

Albinism

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.

Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr.

Alternaria brown spot

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.
         (syn. A. alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. pv. citri Solel)

Alternaria stem-end rot (Black rot of fruit)

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.
         (syn. A. citri Ellis & N. Pierce)

Anthracnose fruit rot

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
         (syn. Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk)

Areolate leaf spot

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn
         (syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk)

Black mold rot

Aspergillus niger Tiegh.

Black root rot

Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
         (syn. Chalara elegans Nag Raj & W. B. Kendr.)

Black spot

Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa
         (syn. Guignardia citricarpa Kiely)

Blue mold

Penicillium italicum Wehmer

Bot gummosis (similar to Dothiorella, Diplodia, and probably Rio Grande gummosis)

Diplodia spp.

Dothiorella spp.

Lasiodiplodia spp.

Neofusicoccum spp.

Neoscytalidium spp.

Botrytis blossom and twig blight and gummosis

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.
         (syn. Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel)

Branch knot

Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges

Brown rot (fruit)

Phytophthora citricola Sawada

P. citrophthora (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian

P. hibernalis Carne

P. nicotianae Breda de Haan
         (syns. P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur) G. M. Waterhouse;
         P. parasitica Dastur)

P. palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler

P. syringae (Berk.) Kleb.

Charcoal root rot

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.

Damping-off

Pythium sp.

Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.

Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo, & Kakish.
         (syn. Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse)

G. rostratum (E. J. Butler) Uzuhashi, Tojo, & Kakish
         (syn. Pythium rostratum E. J. Butler)

G. ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo, & Kakish.
         (syn. Pythium ultimum Trow)

Phytopythium vexans (De Bary) Abad et al., de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi,
          & Lévesque
         (syn. Phytopythium vexans de Bary)

Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kühn
         (syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk)

Diplodia gummosis and stem-end rot

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.
         (syns. Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Arx; Botryodiplodia 
         theobromae Pat.; Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans)

Dothiorella gummosis and rot

Neofusicoccum ribis (Slippers, Crous, & M. J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers, & A. J. L. Phillips
         (syns. Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar; Dothiorella gregaria Sacc.)

Dry root rot complex

Fusarium haematococcum Nalim, Samuels, & Geiser
         (syn. Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman)

F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. (together with other wound-invading agents)

Dry rot of fruit

Eremothecium coryli (Peglion) Kurtzman

E. gossypii (S. F. Ashby & W. Nowell) Kurtzman

Fly speck

Schizothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Arx

Fusarium rot

Fusarium spp.

Fusarium wilt

Fusarium oxysporum Schdl.:Fr. f. sp. citri Timmer et al.

Gray mold (fruit)

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.

Greasy spot and greasy spot rind blotch

Amycosphaerella africana (Crous & M. J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous
         (syn. Mycosphaerella africana Crous & M. J. Wingf.)

Mycosphaerella horii Hara

M. lageniformis Rehm (and probably other species in the Mycosphaerellaceae)

Zasmidium citri-griseum (F. E. Fisher) U. Braun
         (syns. Cercospora citri-grisea F. E. Fisher; Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside;
         Stenella citri-grisea (F. E. Fisher) Sivan.)

Green mold

Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc.

Heart rot

Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.

G. brownii (Murrill) Gilb.

G. orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden (and other basidiomycetes)

Hendersonula branch wilt

Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers
         (syn. Hendersonula toruloidea Nattrass)

Mal secco

Plenodomus tracheiphilus (Petri) Gruyter, Aveskamp, & Verkley
         (syns. Deuterophoma tracheiphila Petri; Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) L. A. Kantsch.
         & Gikaschvili)

Mancha foliar de los cítricos

Alternaria limicola E. G. Simmons & M. E. Palm

Melanose

Diaporthe citri (H. S. Fawc.) F. A. Wolf
         (syn. Phomopsis citri H. S. Fawc.

Mucor fruit rot

Mucor racemosus Fresen.

Mushroom root rot (Shoestring root rot, Oak root fungus)

Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) P. Kumm
         (syns. Clitocybe tabescens (Scop.) Bres.; Rhizomorpha subcorticalis P. Michelli 
         ex Pers.)

Phomopsis stem-end rot

Diaporthe citri (H. S. Fawc.) F. A. Wolf
         (syn. Phomopsis citri H. Fawc.)

Phymatotrichum root rot

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Shear) Hennebert

Phytophthora foot rot, gummosis, and root rot

Phytophthora citrophthora (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian

P. hibernalis Carne

P. nicotianae Breda de Haan
         (syns. P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur) G. M. Waterhouse;
         P. parasitica Dastur)

P. palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler

P. syringae (Burk.) Kleb.

Pink disease

Erythricium salmonicola (Berk. & Broome) Burds.
         (syns. Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome; Necator decretus Massee)

Pink mold

Clonostachys rosea (Link.:Fr.) Schroers et al.
         (syn. Gliocladium roseum Bainier)

Pleospora rot

Stemphylium herbarum E. G. Simmons)
         (syn. Pleospora herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Rabenh.

Poria root rot

Oxyporus latemarginatus (Durieu & Mont.) Donk
         (syn. Poria latemarginata (Durieu & Mont.) Cooke)

Postbloom fruit drop

Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds

C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.

Powdery mildew

Fibroidium tingitaninum (J. C. Carter) U. Braun & R. T. A. Cook
         (syn. Acrosporium tingitaninum (J. C. Carter) Subram.)

Pseudocercospora leaf and fruit spot (Phaeoramularia leaf and fruit spot)

Pseudocercospora angolensis (T. Carvalho & O. Mendes) Crous & U. Braun
         (syn. Phaeoramularia angolensis (de Carvallo & O. Mendes) P. M. Kirk)

Rhizopus rot

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill.

Rio Grande gummosis

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat) Griffon & Maubl. (possibly)

Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers (and other unknown agents)

Rootlet rot

Globisporangium rostratum (E. J. Butler) Uzuhashi, Tojo, & Kakish.
         (syn. P. rostratum E. J. Butler)

G. ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo, & Kakish.
         (syn. P. ultimum Trow)

Rosellinia root rot

Rosellinia spp.

Scab (Citrus scab, Sour orange scab)

Elsinoë fawcettii Bitanc. & Jenkins
         (syn. Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenkins)

Sclerotinia twig blight, fruit rot, and root rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Septoria spot

Septoria citri Pass.

Sloughing

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
         (syn. Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk)

Sooty blotch

Gloeodes pomigena (Schwein.) Colby

Sour rot

Geotrichum candidum Link
         (syn. Galactomyces geotrichum (E. E. Butler & L. J. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch)

Geotrichum citri-aurantii (Ferraris) E. E. Butler
         (syn. Galactomyces citri-aurantii (E. E. Butler)

Sweet orange scab

Elsinoë australis Bitanc. & Jenkins
         (syn. Sphaceloma australis Bitanc. & Jenkins)

Thread blight

Ceratobasidium ochroleucum (F. Noack) Ginns & M. N. L. Lefebvre
         (syn. Corticium stevensii Burt.)

Corticium koleroga (Cooke) Höhn.
         (syn. Pellicularia koleroga Cooke)

Trichoderma rot

Trichoderma viride Pers.: Fr.
         (syn. Hypocrea sp.)

Twig blight

Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.) Speg.

Ustulina root rot

Kretzschmaria deusta (Hoffm.) P. M. D. Martin
         (syns. Nodulisporium sp.; Ustulina deusta (Hoffm.:Fr.) Lind)

Whisker mold

Penicillium ulaiense Hseichj Su & Tzean

White root rot

Rosellinia spp.

R. necatrix Prill.
         (syn. Dematophora necatrix R. Hartig)

R. subiculata (Schwein.:Fr.) Sacc.

NEMATODES, PARASITIC

Burrowing nematode (Spreading decline)

Radopholus citri Machon & Bridge

R. similis Cobb

Citrus nematode (Slow decline)

Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb

Coffee lesion nematode (Citrus slump)

Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmerman) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven

Dagger nematode

Xiphinema spp.

X. brevicolle Lordello & Da Costa

X. citricolum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo

X. index Thorne & Allen

X. laevistriatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo

X. vulgare Tarjan

Lesion nematode

Pratylenchus spp.

P. brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven

P. coffeae (Zimmerman) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven

P. jaehni Inserra, Duncan, Troccoli, Dunn, Santos, Kaplan, & Vovlas

P. vulnus Allen & Jensen

Needle nematode

Longidorus spp.

Root-knot nematode

Meloidogyne spp.

M. citri Zhang, Gao, & Weng

M. donghaiensis Zheng, Lin, & Zheng

M. fujianensis Pan

M. indica Whitehead

M. jianyangensis Yang, Hu, Chen, & Zhu

M. kongi Yang, Wang, & Feng

M. mingnanica Zhang

M. oteifae Elmiligy

Sheath nematode

Hemicycliophora spp.

H. arenaria Raski

H. nudata Colbran

Sting nematode

Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau

Stubby-root nematode

Paratrichodorus spp.

P. lobatus (Colbran) Siddiqi

P. minor (Colbran) Siddiqi

P. porosus (Allen) Siddiqi

NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES, DISORDERS, AND DAMAGE

Algal disease (Algal spot)

Cephaleuros virescens Kunze

Amachamiento

Unknown

Blossom-end clearing

Unknown

Chilling injury

Cold temperatures

Creasing

Nutritional (?)

Crinkle scurf

Genetic

Granulation

Physiological

Lemon sieve-tube necrosis

Physiological

Lime blotch (Wood pocket)

Physiological

Membranous stain

Unknown

Mesophyll collapse

Excessive heat and light

Oleocellosis

Physiological

Postharvest pitting

Physiological

Puffing

Physiological

Rind breakdown

Physiological

Rind staining

Physiological

Rind stipple of grapefruit

Environmental

Rumple of lemon fruit

Unknown

Shell bark complex

Unknown (Viroid?)

Sooty mold (superficial, not pathogenic)

Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm.

C. citricola McAlpine

Stem-end rind breakdown

Physiological

Stylar-end breakdown of Tahiti lime

Physiological

Stylar-end rot

Physiological

Sunburn

Excessive heat and light

Tangerine dieback

Unknown

Water spot

Physiological

Zebra skin

Physiological

PHYTOPLASMAL DISEASES

Australian citrus dieback

Unknown prokaryote (?)

Witches'-broom of lime

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia'

Huanglongbing symptoms associated with phytoplasmas

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteri'

‘Ca. P. phoenicium'

VIROID DISEASES*

Bark cracking

Citrus bark cracking viroid (Cocadviroid)

Citrus exocortis viroid (Pospiviroid) (and probably other viroids)

Cachexia (Xyloporosis)

Citrus cachexia viroid (Hostuviroid)

Dwarfing

Citrus bark cracking viroid

Citrus dwarfing viroid (Apscaviroid)

Citrus exocortis viroid (and probably other viroids)

Exocortis

Citrus exocortis viroid

Gum pocket and gummy pitting

GTP; possible viroid

Gummy bark

GTP; possible viroid

Kassala disease

GTP; possible viroid

VIRUS DISEASES*

Algerian navel orange virus

GTP

Blight (Young tree decline, Rough lemon decline)

GTP

Blind pocket

GTP

Bud union crease

Virus for some combinations; otherwise, genetic or unknown

Chlorotic dwarf

Genus Geminivirus; Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus

Citrus leaf rugose

Citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus

Citrus mosaic

Satsuma dwarf-related virus

Citrus yellow mosaic

Genus Badnavirus; Citrus yellow mosaic virus

Citrus yellow mottle

GTP

Citrus yellow ringspot

GTP

Concave gum

GTP

Crinkly leaf

Crinkly leaf ilarvirus (strain of infectious variegation)

Cristacortis

GTP

Fatal yellows

GTP

Impietratura

GTP

Indian citrus ringspot

Genus Mandarivirus; Indian citrus ringspot virus

Infectious variegation

Citrus variegation ilarvirus

Leaf curl

GTP

Leathery leaf

GTP

Leprosis

Genus Cilevirus; Citrus leprosis virus (nuclear types N and Citrus necrotic spot virus), Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic types (C, C2)

Genus Higrevirus; Hibiscus green spot virus 2

Measles

GTP

Milam stem-pitting

GTP

Multiple sprouting disease

GTP

Nagami kumquat disease

GTP

Navel infectious mottling

Satsuma dwarf-related virus

Psorosis

Genus Ophiovirus; Citrus psorosis virus

Ringspot diseases

Various viruses and GTPs

Satsuma dwarf

Genus Sadwavirus; Satsuma dwarf virus

Sudden death

Genus Marafivirus; Citrus sudden death-associated virus

Tatter leaf–Citrange stunt

Genus Capillovirus; strain of Apple stem-grooving virus

Tristeza (Decline and stem pitting and seedling yellows)

Genus Closterovirus; Citrus tristeza virus

Vein enation–Woody gall

GTP (possible Luteovirus)

Yellow vein

GTP

Yellow vein clearing of lemon

GTP

* Including graft-transmissible pathogens (GTPs).