November
2006
, Volume
19
, Number
11
Pages
1,193
-
1,206
Authors
Monica
Vencato
,
1
Fang
Tian
,
2
James R.
Alfano
,
2
C. Robin
Buell
,
3
Samuel
Cartinhour
,
4
Genevieve A.
DeClerck
,
4
David S.
Guttman
,
5
John
Stavrinides
,
5
Vinita
Joardar
,
3
Magdalen
Lindeberg
,
1
Philip A.
Bronstein
,
4
John W.
Mansfield
,
6
Christopher R.
Myers
,
7
Alan
Collmer
,
1
and
David J.
Schneider
4
Affiliations
1Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; 2The Plant Science Initiative and the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588, U.S.A.; 3The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A.; 4United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; 5Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada; 6Agricultural Sciences Department, Imperial College at Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, United Kingdom; 7Cornell Theory Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
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RelatedArticle
Accepted 14 July 2006.
Abstract
The ability of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola to cause halo blight of bean is dependent on its ability to translocate effector proteins into host cells via the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) type III secretion system (T3SS). To identify genes encoding type III effectors and other potential virulence factors that are regulated by the HrpL alternative sigma factor, we used a hidden Markov model, weight matrix model, and type III targeting-associated patterns to search the genome of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A, which recently was sequenced to completion. We identified 44 high-probability putative Hrp promoters upstream of genes encoding the core T3SS machinery, 27 candidate effectors and related T3SS substrates, and 10 factors unrelated to the Hrp system. The expression of 13 of these candidate HrpL regulon genes was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and all were found to be upregulated by HrpL. Six of the candidate type III effectors were assayed for T3SS-dependent translocation into plant cells using the Bordetella pertussis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (Cya) translocation reporter, and all were translocated. PSPPH1855 (ApbE-family protein) and PSPPH3759 (alcohol dehydrogenase) have no apparent T3SS-related function; however, they do have homologs in the model strain P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PSPTO2105 and PSPTO0834, respectively) that are similarly upregulated by HrpL. Mutations were constructed in the DC3000 homologs and found to reduce bacterial growth in host Arabidopsis leaves. These results establish the utility of the bioinformatic or candidate gene approach to identifying effectors and other genes relevant to pathogenesis in P. syringae genomes.
JnArticleKeywords
Additional keywords:
Avr/Hop proteins
.
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ArticleCopyright
The American Phytopathological Society, 2006