Diseases of Strawberry
(Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

W. Douglas Gubler and R. H. Converse, primary collators (last update 4/19/93)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Angular leaf spot

Xanthomonas fragariae Kennedy & King

Bacterial wilt

Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith

Cauliflower disease (complex)

Rhodococcus fascians (Tilford) Goodfellow

= Corynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dowson and
   Aphelanchoides fragariae (Ritzema-Bos) Christie

FUNGAL DISEASES

Alternaria fruit rot

Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze:Fr.) Wiltshire

Anther and pistil blight

Rhizoctonia fragariae Hussain & W.E. McKeen

(teleomorph: Ceratobasidium sp.)

Anthracnose and anthracnose fruit rot and black spot

Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds C. dematium (Pers.) Grove

• C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz.
• = C. fragariae A.N. Brooks
• (teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk)
• Gloeosporium spp.

Armillaria crown and root rot (shoestring crown and root rot)

Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) P. Kumm.

(anamorph: Rhizomorpha subcorticalis Pers.)

Black leaf spot

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. f. sp. fragariae (in
   Korea and New Zealand)

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in
   Penz. = C. fragariae A.N. Brooks

Black root rot (disease complex)

Rhizoctonia fragariae Hussain & W.E. McKeen

(teleomorph: Ceratobasidium sp.)

Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc.

(teleomorph: Diapleella coniothyrium (Fuckel) Barr

= Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fuckel) Sacc.)

Hainesia lythri (Desmaz.) Hohn.

(teleomorph: Discohainesia oenotherae (Cooke & Ellis)
   Nannf.)

Idriella lunata P.E. Nelson & K. Wilhelm

Pyrenochaeta sp.

Pythium spp.

P. ultimum Trow

Cercospora leaf spot

Cercospora fragariae Lobik

C. vexans C. Massal.

Charcoal rot

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich

= Botryodiplodia phaseoli (Maubl.) Thirumal.

Common leaf spot

Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau

(anamorph: Ramularia brunnea Peck)

Coniothyrium diseases

Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc.

Coniella fragariae (Oudem.) B. Sutton

= Coniothyrium fragariae Oudem.

Dematophora crown and root rot (white root rot)

Rosellinia necatrix Prill.

(anamorph: Dematophora necatrix R. Hartig)

Diplodina rot (leaf and stalk rot)

Phoma lycopersici Cooke

= Diplodina lycopersici Hollos

(teleomorph: Didymella lycopersici Kleb.)

Downy mildew

Peronospora potentillae de Bary

= P. fragariae Roze & Cornu

Fruit rots (in addition to those appearing elsewhere in this listing)

Aspergillus niger Tiegh.

Cladosporium spp.

Mucor mucedo P. Mich. ex Saint-Amans

M. hiematis Wehmer

M. hiemalis Wehmer f. sylvaticus (Hagen) M.A.A. Schipper

M. piriformis E. Fisch.

Penicillium aurantiogriseum Dierckx

= P. cyclopium Westling

P. expansum Link

P. glabrum (Wehmer) Westling

= P. frequentans Westling

P. purpurogenum O. Stoll

Byssochlamys rot*

Byssochlamys fulva Olliver & G. Sm.

(anamorph: Paecilomyces fulvus R.A. Samson)

Brown cap

Foliar pathogens which attack cap-drying

Fruit blotch

Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel

(teleomorph: Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc.)

Penicillium purpurogenum O. Stoll

Peronospora potentillae de Bary

Sphaeropsis malorum Beck.

(teleomorph: Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker

= Physalospora obtusa (Schwein.) Cooke)

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

(teleomorph: Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough

= Corticium rolfsii Curzi

Schizoparme straminea Shear

(anamorph: Coniella castaneicola (Ellis & Everh.) Sutton

= Pilidiella quercicola (Oudem.) Petr.

Gray mold leaf blight and dry crown rot

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.

(teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel)

Hainesia leaf spot

Hainesia lythri (Deamaz.) Hohn.

Hard brown rot

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

(teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk)

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich

= M. phaseoli (Maubl.) Ashby

= Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) E.J. Butler

Leaf blotch

Gnomonia comari P. Karst.

(anamorph: Zythia fragariae Laibach)

G. fragariae Kleb.

Leaf rust

Phragmidium potentillae (Pers.:Pers.) P. Karst

= Frommea obtusa (F. Strauss) Arth.

Leaf scorch

Diplocarpon earlianum (Ellis & Everh.) F.A. Wolf

(anamorph: Marssonina fragariae (Lib.) Kleb.

= M. potentillae (Desmaz.) Magnus)

Leather rot

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt

P. citricola Sawada

P. citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian

P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M.
   Waterhouse

= P. parasitica Dastur

Lilac soft rot

Pythium sp.

Pestalotia fruit rot

Pestalotia laurocerasi Westend.

P. longisetula Guba

Phomopsis leaf blight

Phomopsis obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) Sutton

= Dendrophoma obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) H.W. Anderson

Postharvest rots

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.

Mucor mucedo P. Mich. ex Saint-Amans

Pichia membranefaciens Hansen

Pichia subpelliculosa Kurtzman

= Hansenula subpelliculosa Bedford nom. nud.

S. cerevisiae Meyen ex Hansen

S. kluyveri Phaff et al.

Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Lindner) Guillierm.

= Saccharomyces bailii Lindner

Z. florentinus Castelli ex Kudriavsev

= S. florentinus (Castelli ex Kudriavsev) Lodder &
   Kreger-van Rij

Powdery mildew

Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.:Fr.) Lind

= S. humuli (DC.) Burrill

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica rot

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica
   (Dastur) G.M. Waterhouse

= P. parasitica Dastur

Phytophthora crown and root rot

Phytophthora sp.

P. cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt.

P. citricola Sawada

P. citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian

P. megasperma Drechs. (associated Calif. only)

P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M.
   Waterhouse

Other root rots

Botrytis crown rot

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.

Gray sterile fungus root rot

Phoma terrestris E.M. Hans.

= Pyrenochaeta terrestris (E.M. Hans.) Gorenz. et al.

Idriella root rot

Idriella lunata P.E. Nelson & K. Wilhelm

Macrophomina root rot

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanach

Olpidium root infection

Olpidium brassicae (Woronin) P.A. Dang

Synchytrium root gall

Synchytrium fragariae Zeller & L. Campbell

Purple leaf spot

Mycosphaerella louisianae Plakidas

Red stele

Phytophthora fragariae C.J. Hickman

Rhizoctonia bud and crown rot, leaf blight, web blight, fruit rot

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

R. fragariae Hussain & W.E. McKeen

Rhizopus rot (leak)

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill.

Sclerotinia crown and fruit rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Septoria hard rot and leaf spot

Septoria fragariae (Lib.) Desmaz.

= Septogloeum potentillae Allesch.

Septoria aciculosa Ellis & Everh.

S. fragariaecola Lobik

Stunt (Pythium root rot)

Pythium ultimum Trow

Pythium spp.

P. acanthicum Drechs.

P. debaryanum Auct. non R. Hesse

P. dissotocum Drechs.

P. hypogynum Middleton

P. irregulare Buisman

P. middletonii Sparrow

= P. proliferum deBary

P. myriotylum Drechs. (Japan)

P. perniciosum Serbinow

P. rostratum E.J. Butler

P. sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix

Southern blight (Sclerotium rot)

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Stem-end rot

Gnomonia comari P. Karst.

Tan-brown rot (of fruit)

Discohainesia oenotherae (Cooke & Ellis) Nannf.

(anamorph: Hainesia lythri (Desmaz.) Hohn.

= Patellina fragariae Stevens & Peters.)

Verticillium wilt

Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthier

V. dahliae Kleb.

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OR DISORDERS

Pith necrosis and crown death

Unknown, Scotland only

Rapid death

Unknown, resembles P. cactorum

Slime molds

Diachea leucopodia (Bull.) Rostr.

Physarum cinereum (Batsch) Pers.

NEMATODES, PARASITIC

Bulb and stem

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev

Dagger

Xiphenema spp.

Dagger, American

Xiphenema americanum Cobb

Lesion

Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmerman) Filipjev &
   Schuurmans-Stekhoven

P. penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven

P. pratensis (De Man) Filipjev

P. scribneri Steiner

Root-knot

Meloidogyne spp.

M. hapla Chitwood

Spring dwarf (crimp)

Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema-Bos) Christie

A. ritzemabosi (Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer

Sting

Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau

B. gracilis Steiner

Summer dwarf (crimp)

Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie

VIRUS, VIRUS-LIKE AGENT

or mycoplasma-like organism (MLO), abbreviation, and group relationship:

APHID-TRANSMITTED:

Strawberry chlorotic fleck

Strawberry chlorotic fleck (graft-transmissible agent of unknown relationship)

Strawberry crinkle

Strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) (cytoplasmic rhabdovirus)

Strawberry latent C virus in Fragaria

Strawberry latent Cvirus (SLCV) (nuclear rhabdovirus)

Strawberry mild yellow-edge

Strawberry mild yellow-edge virus (SMYEV) (plus an unnamed potexvirus)

Strawberry mottle

Strawberry mottle virus (SMV) (Relationship unknown)

Strawberry pseudo mild yellow-edge

Strawberry pseudo mild yellow-edge virus (SPMYEV) (carlavirus)

Strawberry vein banding

Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) (caulimovirus)

LEAFHOPPER-TRANSMITTED MYCOPLASMA-LIKE AND RICKETTSIA-LIKE AGENTS (vectors known or probable):

Aster yellows MLO

Aster yellows MLO (AYMLO)

Maladie du bord jaune

MLO (France and Spain)

Strawberry green petal*

Strawberry green petal MLO (SGPMLO)

Strawberry lethal decline

Strawberry lethal decline MLO (SLDMLO)

Strawberry multiplier plant

Strawberry Multiplier MLO

Strawberry mycoplasma yellows disease*

Strawberry yellows MLO (Australia)

Strawberry rickettsia yellows disease*

Strawberry yellows rickettsia-like organism (SYRLO) (Australia)

Strawberry witches'-broom

Strawberry witches'-broom MLO

NEMATODE-TRANSMITTED:

Arabis mosaic virus*

Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) (nepovirus), (Europe)

Raspberry ringspot virus*

Raspberry ringspot virus (nepovirus), (Europe)

Strawberry latent ringspot virus*

Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRV) (nepovirus), (Europe)

Tomato black ring virus*

Tomato black ring virus (TomRBV) (nepovirus), (Europe)

Tomato ringspot virus

Tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) (nepovirus)

FUNGUS-TRANSMITTED:

Tobacco necrosis virus in Fragaria vesca

Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) (necrovirus)

POLLEN-TRANSMITTED:

Strawberry pallidosis

Strawberry pallidosis (graft- and pollen-transmissible agent of unknown relationship

VECTORS UNKNOWN:

Necrotic shock

Tobacco streak virus, strawberry strain (TSV-SNS) (ilarvirus)

Strawberry leafroll

Strawberry leafroll (graft-transmissible agent(s) of unknown relationship

Strawberry feather-leaf

Strawberry feather-leaf (graft-transmissible agent of unknown relationship

NON-GRAFT-TRANSMISSIBLE VIRUS-LIKE DISEASE

Strawberry June yellows

Genetically transmitted disorder of unknown cause

*Indicates the disease is not known in North America. The area where it has been reported is listed in parentheses.