Diseases of Citrus (Citrus spp.)

L. W. Timmer and J. A. Menge, primary collators (last update 11/8/00)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Bacterial spot: Xanthomonas campestris pv. citrumelo (Hasse)
Black pit (fruit): Pseudomonas syringae van Hall 1902
Blast: Pseudomonas syringae van Hall 1902
Canker: Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse 1915) Dye 1978
Citrus variegated chlorosis: Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. 1987

FUNGAL DISEASES

Albinism: Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.; = A. tenuis Nees; Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr.
Alternaria brown spot: Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr) Keissl.
Alternaria leaf spot of rough lemon: Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce in N. Pierce
Alternaria stem-end rot: Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce in N. Pierce
Anthracnose = wither-tip: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.; in Penz. [anamorph]
Areolate leaf spot: Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk; = Pellicularia filamentosa (Pat.) D.P. Rogers; Rhizoctonia solani Kühn [anamorph]
Black mold rot: Aspergillus niger Tiegh.
Black root rot: Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris; Chalara elegans Nag Raj & Kendrick [synanamorph]
Black rot: Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce in N. Pierce
Black spot: Guignardia citricarpa Kiely; Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) van der Aa
[synanamorph]
Blue mold: Penicillium italicum Wehmer
Botrytis blossom and twig blight, gummosis: Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.; Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel [teleomorph]
Branch knot: Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges
Brown rot (fruit): Phytophthora citricola Sawada; P. citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian; P. hibernalis Carne; P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur); G.M. Waterhouse; = P. parasitica Dastur; P. palmivora (Butler) Butler; P. syringae (Kleb.) Kleb.
Charcoal root rot: Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich
Damping-off: Pythium sp.; P. aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.; P. debaryanum Auct. non R. Hesse; P. rostratum E.J. Butler; P. ultimum Trow; P. vexans de Bary; Rhizoctonia solani Kühn
Diplodia gummosis and stem-end rot: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.; = Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; = Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans); Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cooke) Arx [teleomorph]
Dothiorella gummosis and rot: Botryosphaeria ribis Gross. & Duggar; Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. [anamorph]
Dry root rot complex: Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome; Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. [anamorph], together with; other wound-invading agents
Dry rot (fruit): Ashbya gossypi (S. Ashby & W. Nowell) Guilliermand; Nematospora coryli Peglion
Fly speck: Schizothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Arx; Zygophiala jamaicensis E. Mason [anamorph]
Fusarium rot (fruit): Fusarium spp.
Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. citri Timmer et al.
Gray mold (fruit): Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.
Greasy spot and greasy spot rind blotch: Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside; Stenella citri-grisea (F.E. Fisher) Sivanesan [anamorph]
Green mold: Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc.
Heart rot: Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; G. brownii (Murr.) R.L. Gilbertson; G. lucidum (Curtis:Fr.) P. Karst., and other basidiomycetes
Hendersonula branch wilt: Hendersonula toruloidea Nattras
Leaf spot: Mycosphaerella horii K. Hara; M. lageniformis Rehm
Mal secco: Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) Kantschaveli & Gikashvili; = Deuterophoma tracheiphila Petri
Mancha foliar de los citricos: Alternaria limicola Simmons & Palm
Melanose: Diaporthe citri F.A. Wolf; Phomopsis citri H. Fawc. non (Sacc.) Traverso & Spessa,; hom. illeg. [anamorph]
Mucor fruit rot: Mucor paronychia Suth.-Camp & Plunkett; M. racemosus Fresen.
Mushroom root rot = shoestring root rot or oak root fungus: Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) P. Kumm; = Clitocybe tabascens (Scop.) Bres.; Rhizomorpha subcorticalis Pers. [anamorph]
Phaeoramularia leaf and fruit spot: Phaeoramularia angolensis (de Carvallo & O. Mendes) P.M. Kirk
Phymatotrichum root rot: Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert
Phomopsis stem-end rot: Phomopsis citri H. Fawc. Non (Sacc.) Traverso & Spessa, hom. illeg.; Diaporthe citri F.A. Wolf [teleomorph]
Phytophthora foot rot, gummosis and root rot: Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian; P. hibernalis Carne; P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur); G.M. Waterhouse; = P. parasitica Dastur; P. palmivora (Butler) Butler; P. syringae (Kleb.) Kleb.
Pink disease: Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall; = Corticium salmonicolor (Berk & Br.); Necator decretus Massee [anamorph]
Pink mold: Gliocladium roseum Bainier
Pleospora rot: Pleospora herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Rabenh; Stemphylium herbarum E. Simmons [anamorph]
Poria root rot: Oxyporus latemarginatus (Durieu & Mont.) Donk; = Poria latemarginata (Durieu & Mont.) Cooke
Post bloom fruit drop: Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds
Powdery mildew: Oidium tingitaninum C.N. Carter; = Acrosporium tingitaninum (C.N. Newton) Subramanian,
nom. illeg.
Rhizopus rot: Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.)Vuill.
Rio Grande gummosis: Possibly Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.; Hendersonula toruloidea Nattras; and other unknown agents
Rootlet rot: Pythium rostratum E.J. Butler; P. ultimum Trow
Rosellinia root rot: Rosellinia sp.
Scab: Elsinoë fawcettii Bitancourt & Jenk.; Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenk. [anamorph]
Sclerotinia twig blight, fruit rot and root rot: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Septoria spot: Septoria citri Pass.
Sooty blotch: Gloeodes pomigena (Schwein.) Colby
Sour rot: Geotrichum citri-aurantii (Ferraris) E.E. Butler; Galactomyces citri-aurantii E.E. Butler [teleomorph]; G. candidum Link; Galactomyces geotrichum (E.E. Butler & L.J. Petersen); Redhead & Malloch [teleomorph]
Sweet orange scab: Elsinoë australis Bitancourt & Jenkins
Thread blight: Corticium stevensii Burt; Pellicularia koleroga Cooke
Trichoderma rot: Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr.; Hypocrea sp. [teleomorph]
Twig blight: Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.:Fr.) Speg.
Ustulina root rot: Ustulina deusta (Hoffm.:Fr.) Lind; Nodulisporium sp. [anamorph]
Whisker mold: Penicillium ulaiense Hseichjsu & Tzean
White root rot: Rosellinia sp.; R. necatrix Prill.; Dematophora necatrix R. Hartig [anamorph]; R. subiculata (Schwein:Fr.) Sacc.

NEMATODES, PARASITIC

Citrus slump nematode: Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmerman) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven
Dagger nematode: Xiphinema spp.
Lesion nematode: Pratylenchus spp.; P. brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven; P. coffeae (Zimmerman) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven; P. vulnus Allen & Jensen
Needle nematode: Longidorus spp.
Root-knot nematode: Meloidogyne spp.
Sheath nematode: Hemicycliophora spp.; H. arenaria Raski
Slow decline (citrus nematode): Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb
Spreading decline (burrowing nematode): Radopholus similis Cobb
Sting nematode: Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau
Stubby-root nematode: Paratrichodorus spp.
Stunt nematode: Tylenchorhynchus spp.

VIRAL DISEASES

Citrus mosaic: Satsuma dwarf-related virus
Bud union crease: Virus for some combinations, otherwise genetic or unknown
Citrus leaf rugose: genus Ilarvirus, Citrus leaf rugose virus (CLRV)
Citrus yellow mosaic: genus Badnavirus
Crinkly leaf: Crinkly leaf ilarvirus (strain of citrus variegation virus)
Infectious variegation: genus Ilarvirus, Citrus variegation virus (CVV)
Navel infectious mottling: Satsuma dwarf-related virus
Psorosis: Spirovirus (ophiovirus) proposed new group
Satsuma dwarf: Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV)
Tatter leaf = citrange stunt: genus Capillovirus, Citrus tatter leaf virus (probably a closely related strain of apple stem grooving capillovirus rather than a distinct virus
Tristeza = decline and stem pitting, seedling yellows: genus Closterovirus, Citrus tristeza virus (CTV)

VIROIDS AND GRAFT-TRANSMISSIBLE PATHOGENS (GTP)
Algerian navel orange virus: GTP
Blight = young tree decline, rough lemon decline: GTP
Blind pocket: GTP
Cachexia: Citrus cachexia viroid (Hostuviroid)
Chlorotic dwarf: White-fly transmitted GTP
Citrus dwarfing: Various viroids
Citrus yellow mottle: GTP
Citrus yellow ringspot: GTP
Concave gum: GTP
Cristacortis: GTP
Exocortis: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) (Pospiviroid)
Fatal yellows: GTP
Gummy bark: GTP, possible viroid
Gum pocket and gummy pittings: GTP, possible viroid
Impietratura: GTP
Indian citrus ringspot: GTP
Leaf curl: GTP
Leathery leaf: GTP
Leprosis: GTP associated with Brevipalpus spp. mites
Measles: GTP
Milam stem-pitting: GTP
Multiple sprouting disease: GTP
Nagami kumquat disease: GTP
Ringspot diseases: Various GTPs
Vein enation = woody gall: GTP (possible luteovirus)
Xyloporosis = cachexia: Citrus cachexia viroid (Hostuviroid)
Yellow vein: GTP
Yellow vein clearing of lemon: GTP

PHYTOPLASMAL and SPIROPLASMAL DISEASES

Australian citrus dieback: Unknown procaryote?
Huanglongbing =Greening: Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus Candidatus L. africanus
Stubborn: Spiroplasma citri Saglio (spread by leafhoppers)
Witches’ broom of lime: Phytoplasma

PARASITIC HIGHER PLANTS

Dodder: Cuscuta spp.

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES and DISORDERS

Algal disease (algal spot): Cephaleuros virescens Kunze
Amachamiento: Unknown
Blossom-end clearing: Physiological
Chilling injury: Cold temperatures
Creasing: Nutritional (?)
Crinkle scurf: Genetic
Granulation: Physiological
Lemon sieve-tube necrosis: Unknown, but hereditary
Lime blotch =wood pocket: Inherited chimeral agent
Membranous stain: Cold temperatures
Mesophyll collapse: Unknown
Oleocellosis: Physiological
Postharvest pitting: Physiological
Puffing: Physiological
Rind breakdown: Physiological
Rind staining: Physiological
Rind stipple of grapefruit: Environmental
Rumple of lemon fruit: Unknown
Shell bark complex: Unknown - (viroid?)
Sooty mold (superficial, not pathogenic): Capnodium citri Mont.; C. citricola McAlpine; Capnodium sp.
Stem-end rind breakdown: Physiological
Stylar-end breakdown of Tahiti lime: Physiological
Stylar-end rind breakdown: Physiological
Stylar-end rot: Physiological
Sunburn: Excessive heat and light
Tangerine dieback: Unknown
Water spot: Physiological
Zebra skin: Physiological