Phytopathology has adopted an electronic submission system that will speed the handling of your manuscript and allow you to check on its status at any time during the review process. See complete instructions under “Guidelines for Electronic Manuscript Submission.”

Manuscripts may be submitted for consideration of publication in Phytopathology by members of The American Phytopathological Society and by nonmembers. Membership in the Society is not a prerequisite for publication in the journal, but page charges are higher for nonmembers than for members.

Submission of manuscripts. Submit manuscripts electronically, following closely the directions given below. Manuscripts will be assigned to an appropriate Senior Editor, who will solicit reviews and make a decision regarding suitability of the submission for publication. Submission implies nonsubmission elsewhere and (if accepted) no publication elsewhere in the same form without consent.

Content. Contributions should fall into the following categories: (i) Original research on some aspect of plant pathology. (ii) Mini-Reviews: Short reviews of contemporary concepts or developments in the field of plant pathology. Mini-reviews should be discussed with the editor-in-chief prior to submission. (iii) Letters to the Editor: Explain, amplify, or otherwise comment on research published in the journal or elsewhere. The Editorial Board reserves the right to reject or publish letters of rebuttal when appropriate. (iv) Obituaries. Original research papers, Mini-Reviews, and Letters to the Editor are all subject to the review policies of the journal.

The emphasis in Phytopathology is on research that advances understanding of the nature of plant diseases, the agents that cause them, their spread, the losses they cause, and measures that can be used to control them. Manuscripts should fit into one of the sections of the journal, which are listed below. Subjects appropriate for the journal include (but are not limited to): cell, molecular, and population biology of plant pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, parasitic plants); biology of biocontrol agents and pathogen vectors; cell, molecular, and population biology of plant–pathogen interactions; physiology and biochemistry of plant–pathogen interactions; plant and pathogen genetics; plant disease resistance; ecology, modeling, and epidemiology of diseases; disease etiology; disease control and pest management; and plant stress and abiotic disorders. Acceptance depends on the originality of the work, soundness of organization of the manuscript, reliability of the methods in terms of their adequacy to support conclusions, clarity of presentation, validity of the reasoning in deriving the conclusions, and the possibility of alternative interpretations. Authors should display an awareness of previously published information on the same subject and relate their findings to it. Appropriate statistical analyses should be included. In general, an article in which the conclusions are based on unrepeated experiments is unacceptable.

Page charges. Because of the high cost of publishing articles in Phytopathology, payment of page charges is mandatory. Page charges are subject to change without notice. Current charges are $50 per printed page for the first six pages and $80 per printed page for each additional page for members of The American Phytopathological Society and $130 per printed page for nonmembers. In addition, there is a $20 fee charged for each black-and-white figure or line drawing. Cost of color: one page of color containing one figure, $1,300; each additional page of color containing one figure each, $600; each additional figure on any one page, $200. The author is billed after the article is printed in the journal.

Phytopathology now requires that all manuscripts be submitted electronically via an Internet service called Manuscript Central in order to be considered for publication. Electronic submission speeds the handling of your manuscript and allows you to monitor its status at any time during the review process.

Technical problems. Assistance with technical difficulties in submission is available from ScholarOne, Inc., the parent company of Manuscript Central. First, however, click the “Get Help Now” button on your screen and consult “FAQs” (frequently asked questions), or contact ScholarOne Customer Support by telephone (+1.434.817.2040 ext. 167); fax (+1.434.817.2020); or e-mail (Support@ScholarOne.com).

Manuscripts will be assigned to an appropriate Senior Editor by the Editor-in-Chief. Authors will be notified of this assignment by e-mail and will be contacted by the Senior Editor when the initial review process is completed. Correspondence with authors will be by e-mail and/or conventional mail at the discretion of the Senior Editor. The final files submitted to Manuscript Central and accepted by the Senior Editor will be used by the editorial office for processing the manuscript for publication. Submission implies nonsubmission elsewhere and (if accepted) no publication elsewhere in the same form without consent.

An author receiving reviews and editorial recommendations for revision of a manuscript has 3 months to complete the revision and return it to the editor, again through Manuscript Central. Suggested revisions that substantially change the author’s intent or appear to be in error may be rebutted with a documented explanation to the editor when the revised manuscript is returned. Unless authors have permission from the senior editor for a brief delay in revision, manuscripts requiring more than 3 months for revision should be resubmitted as new manuscripts.

For more information, contact the Editor-in-Chief:

Robert L. Gilbertson

University of California

Plant Pathology Department

1 Shields Ave.

Davis, CA 95616-5270

E-mail: rlgilbertson@ucdavis.edu

Telephone: +1.530.752.3163

Fax: +1.530.752.5674

or the Editorial Office:

Phytopathology

3340 Pilot Knob Road

St. Paul, MN 55121 U.S.A.

E-mail: ipfefer@scisoc.org

Telephone: +1.651.994.3869

Fax: +1.651.454.0766

Authors should look at past issues of Phytopathology to verify that a paper is appropriate for the journal. Research manuscripts should fit into one of the sections of the journal: Analytical and Theoretical Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biological Control, Disease Control and Pest Management, Ecology and Epidemiology, Etiology, Genetics and Resistance, Mycology, Nematology, Plant Stress and Abiotic Disorders, Population Biology, Postharvest Pathology and Mycotoxins, Techniques, and Virology.

Subject matter is not a criterion for judging the merit of an article for publication in Phytopathology, though it is the author’s duty to establish relevance to the science of plant pathology. Distinctions will be made between what is routine and what is significant. The author should make a clear case for the significance of the work in the article. The emphasis in Phytopathology is on research that advances understanding of the nature of plant diseases, the agents that cause them, their spread, the losses they cause, and the measures that can be used to control them. Reports of disease occurrence, of enzyme production in vitro, of routine pesticide tests, of routine amino acid analyses, etc., are examples of work that may be unacceptable unless the author relates it directly to new concepts or to a more general in-depth understanding of plant disease. Authors should display an awareness of previously published information on the same subject and relate their findings to it—failure to do so is grounds for rejection of a manuscript.

Papers that solely report complete or partial nucleotide sequences are not acceptable for publication unless they relate structure to function or demonstrate how the sequence information may advance our understanding of the biology of the pathogen. Methods-type probe and marker papers should meet one of the following criteria: (i) a report of new techniques or modifications that significantly enhance current techniques or the application of these methods, or (ii) the use of techniques to investigate interesting biological questions that contribute to the basic concepts and understanding of plant pathology.

Studies of pathogen population biology should address an original question or hypothesis. In general, studies that describe pathogen diversity or population structure are not acceptable unless they also address a biological question that advances our conceptual knowledge of pathogen population biology. In addition, as much care should be given to the development and description of an appropriate pathogen sampling scheme as is given to the subsequent procurement and analysis of marker data. However, sampling deficiencies beyond the control of the author will be acceptable in some cases, e.g., when conducting analyses of historical isolate collections.

Papers dealing mainly with taxonomy, such as descriptions of new taxa, should generally be submitted to a taxonomic journal. Taxonomic papers that deal with classification, identification, and nomenclature below the subspecies level may be submitted to Phytopathology.

APS Council has approved a biosecurity statement developed by the Publications Board to provide journal editors with a policy to screen potential articles for research that constitutes a misuse of plant pathological methods or a potential danger to society from the improper application of knowledge in our field. The full statement, which includes guidelines for authors, editors-in-chief, and senior editors of all APS journals, can be found at http://www.apsnet.org/members/ppb/PDFs/BiosecurityAPSPubBoard
Policy.pdf.

Authors are encouraged to contact any of the Senior Editors prior to submission of a manuscript to receive clarification concerning the suitability of their manuscript for publication in Phytopathology. Names and e-mail addresses of the Senior Editors can be found on the editorial board page. The subject area responsibilities for the Senior Editors are as follows: Vivian Blok: nematology, diversity and molecular diagnostics of plant-parasitic nematodes, nematode–plant interactions, and management of nematode diseases; Niklaus J. Grunwald: ecology, epidemiology, genetics and population biology of fungal and oomycete plant pathogens; Jeffrey B. Jones: phytobacteriology, prokaryotic plant pathogens, disease management; Donald Y. Kobayashi: biological control, phytobacteriology, molecular pathogen–plant interactions; Frank Louws: integrated and sustainable disease management, microbial ecology, disease diagnosis and pathogen detection; Neil McRoberts: ecology and quantitative epidemiology, fungal pathogen–plant interactions; Themis J. Michailides: ecology and epidemiology, population biology, mycotoxins and integrated management of fungi; Eric B. Nelson: soilborne plant pathogens, soil microbiology and rhizosphere ecology, biological and cultural control, oomycete biology and ecology; Nigel D. Paul: plant disease in natural ecosystems, ecology of plant pathogens, pathogen–plant interactions; A. L. N. Rao: virology, virus diseases, virus–plant interactions; Deborah A. Samac: fungal molecular biology and genetics, host plant resistance, biological control; Shree Singh: host plant resistance, genetics of disease resistance; and Garry Sunter: virology, virus–plant interactions, virus evolution and population biology.

Authors are encouraged to have colleagues review a manuscript before submitting it for publication. Senior Editors may find the content of a submitted paper unsuitable for Phytopathology and return the paper to the author without review. Each manuscript receives two simultaneous reviews. Authors may recommend individuals to review a manuscript, and they also may ask that certain individuals not review a manuscript. Additional authorities are consulted as necessary to confirm the scientific merit of any part or all of a manuscript, with due consideration for prepublication confidentiality. Each reviewer makes a specific recommendation to the Senior Editor for the manuscript, based on the following applicable aspects:

Importance of the research

Originality of the work

Analysis of previous literature

Appropriateness of the approach and experimental design

Adequacy of experimental techniques

Soundness of conclusions and interpretations

Relevance of discussion

Clarity of presentation and organization of the article

Demonstration of reproducibility

Explain, amplify, or otherwise comment on research published in the journal or elsewhere. The Editorial Board reserves the right to reject or publish letters of rebuttal when appropriate.

Symposia from an APS annual meeting may be published in Phytopathology subject to the review process and to the policies, procedures, and charges applicable to other articles. It is the responsibility of the chair of the committee sponsoring the symposium to contact the Editor-in-Chief before the symposium is presented.

Mini-Reviews are submitted by authors who wish to provide an incisive examination of the latest advances in a topic relevant to plant pathology. They provide a survey of the development of a subject, with an emphasis on the previous 5 years. Unlike basic research articles for Phytopathology, whose primary audience is specialists in the field, Mini-Reviews should also be written for nonspecialist scientists and advanced students. If you are interested in submitting a Mini-Review, you should discuss the topic with the Editor-in-Chief before you begin to write.

The Analytical and Theoretical Plant Pathology section publishes research articles that use analytical, computational, and synthetic approaches to provide new insights into an aspect of plant pathology. Reported findings should significantly improve our understanding of plant diseases and be corroborated by empirical information, when appropriate. Manuscripts may have the following section format: Introduction (no title), Theory and Approaches, Results, and Discussion. The section of Theory and Approaches describes theories, methods, and materials (if any) used in the study.

APS offers authors cost-effective “e-Xtra” options designed to enhance the usefulness of the online versions of articles. Authors may publish figures in color online that appear in black and white in print ($20 per figure). Up to five external links to public databases, such as GenBank, TreeBASE, or other approved websites, will be provided free of charge (additional links at $5 per link) and linked to the online abstract. Authors should submit links with their articles for review. Supplemental materials, such as additional tables or figures, may be linked to the online abstract ($20 per supplement). e-Xtra materials are subject to review and will be accepted in the following formats: MS Word, WordPerfect, MS Excel, and .jpg formats. Supplemental materials should not be referred to in the text of the article.

Those who submit papers to Phytopathology should respect the value of the research of their peers by not devaluing authorship. Each author should have made a substantial intellectual contribution to the design, conduct, analysis, or interpretation of the study. Each author must approve the final version of the article to be published, and be willing to take public responsibility for their contribution to the paper. In addition, the first author and the corresponding author are expected to be able to take public responsibility for the entire paper.

Scientific language—measurements, specialized vocabulary, and nomenclature—is always in flux. Nevertheless, a manuscript should be prepared such that there is internal consistency and attention is paid to current standards of usage. Where legitimate differences in language and nomenclature exist, the preferences of authors will be respected. Following is a brief survey of guidelines and references that authors can consult as they prepare their manuscripts, along with any APS Publications Board policies that may apply to usage (a quick guide to APS editorial style is provided below).

The ACS Style Guide (7) or ASA, CSA, and SSA Publications Handbook and Style Manual (3) may be helpful for scientific language and measurements.

Although APS publications do not generally follow it for copyediting style, Scientific Style and Format (6) issued by the Council of Biology Editors provides an excellent background on the origins of scientific terms and the governing bodies that rule on current nomenclature in a given field.

Apparatus and materials. Names of unusual proprietary materials and special apparatus should be followed by the manufacturer’s name and location in parentheses (e.g., manufacturer, city and state [United States] or city and country). It is only necessary to cite these materials by specific name if the work cannot otherwise be replicated. When necessary, trade names may be used and should be capitalized; trademark symbols should not be used and will be deleted before publication.

Authorities for Latin binomials. Citation of authorities for Latin binomial names is optional but is appropriate for manuscripts dealing with taxonomy or nomenclature or for organisms with unfamiliar binomials. When used, authorities should be provided at first mention of the organism only.

Bacteria. Spellings should be based on Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology (15), the Approved List of Bacterial Names (21), or the lists of species validly published in the International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology (IJSB). Based on Bergey’s Manual, groups below the level of subspecies should be italicized. Where applicable, designate strains.

Common names of plant diseases. APS has an established committee to develop listings of approved common names for plant diseases—the Committee on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases. These terms are official names for use in APS journals and publications. Please refer to the online publication Common Names of Plant Diseases (1), available at APSnet under resources.

Chemicals, chemistry, and biochemistry terms. The ACS Style Guide (7) describes conventions in chemistry and biochemistry. The Merck Index (5) and Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary (16) are good sources for spellings of chemical terms. List fungicides by their approved common or generic names. Trade names may be included parenthetically, but do not include manufacturers. See the current issue of Farm Chemicals Handbook (2) or the most recent edition of Acceptable Common Names and Chemical Names for the Ingredient Statement on Pesticide Labels (8). Use the chemical name if a common name is not available.

Cultures. Indicate the source of cultures. Include culture designations obtained from or deposited in recognized collections. Authors are encouraged to deposit voucher cultures and specimens documenting their research at recognized institutions and to cite the place of deposit in the text. In addition, papers are accepted on the condition that recombinant plasmids and bacteriophages, microbe strains, and plant variants developed in the course of the research will be available for distribution to all qualified members of the scientific community, either directly from the investigator or by deposit in national or international collections. Though designations from recognized collections should generally be provided, avoid unnecessary use of arbitrary genotype designations in the text. For example, “The avirulent isolate showed a larger colony diameter than did the virulent isolate” is more informative than “Isolate ISF234 showed a larger colony diameter than did isolate ABF672.”

Enzymes. Use the enzyme names recommended in the latest issue of Enzyme Nomenclature (12). Give the number (classification) of the enzyme at its first use (e.g., EC 1.1.75.6).

Genetics. Rieger et al. (20), Stenesh (22), and King and Stansfield (14) are good specialized genetics and molecular biology dictionaries.

Fungi. The preferred source for common and scientific names and authorities of fungi is Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States (9). Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi (11) is another good reference.

Insects. Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms (23) can be used to verify insect names.

Nucleotide or amino acid sequences. Accession numbers cited from GenBank or other sequence databases must be provided. If the sequence is not available for general access from the database when the manuscript is submitted, a computer file or copy of sequences described in the manuscript should be provided for reviewers.

Phylogenetic trees. Authors are encouraged to deposit phylogenetic trees and data used to generate them in TreeBASE, and cite accession number(s). If not deposited, authors of manuscripts may be required, at the discretion of the Senior Editor, to provide unpublished sequences, alignments, or other data used to construct phylogenies, for the sole purpose of providing reviewers with sufficient data with which to evaluate the submitted manuscript. As with the manuscript itself, any unpublished information provided for the purpose of review will be considered confidential.

Plants. Farr et al. (9) is a good source for spellings of common and scientific names. Other good sources include Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed. (29), A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance (25), and The Plant Book (17). Use the term “cultivar” for cultivated agronomic and horticultural varieties. Identify the source of the cultivars and include CI and PI numbers when appropriate. The name of a cultivar may be preceded by the abbreviation cv. or enclosed in single quotation marks.

Software. Software used should be treated as proprietary material or apparatus. Give the manufacturer or developer name and location parenthetically within the text. Software should not be listed in Literature Cited.

See Swallow (24) for a discussion of appropriate methods for statistical comparison of treatments. In general, a multiple comparison procedure (e.g., Duncan’s multiple range test or Fischer’s least significant difference) should not be used when logical a priori comparisons can be identified. Multiple comparison procedures can be used when logical a priori comparisons are not identified, but the specific procedure should be clearly indicated. When a quantitative factor (e.g., temperature) is studied, it is often desirable to use regression instead of analysis of variance (ANOVA). When ANOVA is used for this type of factor, orthogonal polynomials are preferable to multiple comparisons. Even when a multiple comparison procedure is used, it is desirable to specify one of the following: mean square error, standard error of the difference, or the least significant difference value (with specified P).

Whenever possible, researchers should consult with a statistician before designing an experiment and when analyzing the results. The following articles are good sources of information: Johnson and Berger (13), Madden et al. (18), Swallow (24), and Gilligan (10).

Viruses. Guidelines provided in the Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (28), as described by Mayo and Horzinek (19) and Van Regenmortel (27), will be followed. In formal taxonomic usage, virus family, subfamily, and genus should be capitalized and printed in italics. When used formally, the name of the taxon should precede the term for the taxonomic unit, e.g., the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Tospovirus. Formal use of a virus species name also should be printed in italics, with the first word and any subsequent proper noun capitalized, e.g., Wheat American striate mosaic virus. Generally, the designation of the taxonomic unit “species” need not precede the species name, e.g., Tomato spotted wilt virus need not be written as the species Tomato spotted wilt virus. The first use of a virus species name in a paper usually should be formal and, therefore, italicized with the first word capitalized. Subsequent reference to the same virus should be by the accepted acronym, which is not italicized, e.g., TSWV. Virus names written in tables should be written formally. The name of a tentative species whose taxonomic status is uncertain should not be written in italics, but its first word (and any proper nouns) should be capitalized.

In informal vernacular use, the virus family, subfamily, and genus should be lowercase and not printed in italics. This generally does not apply to virus species names, because acronyms are applied after the first use, which is formal. The name of the taxon, if used, should follow the term for the taxonomic unit, e.g., the tospovirus genus. When used informally, the name of the taxon should not include the formal suffix, e.g., the bunyavirus family, not the bunyaviridae family. Usually, these constructions should simply be avoided, because they lead to unnecessary ambiguity. Formal taxonomic usage is preferred, particularly when the formal family and genus names have the same root terms, e.g., Bromoviridae and Bromovirus.

Most of the style guides mentioned previously have good discussions of English, grammar, and style. Other good general references include The Chicago Manual of Style (26) and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (29).

Citations. A citation should always be to the original source of publication, whether print or online.

Literature cited. List references in alphabetic order by authors’ surnames. When citing multiple works by the same author, list articles by one author before those by multiple authors. Determine the sequence by alphabetizing the first author’s surname and subsequent authors’ surnames, by the year of publication (most recent last), and, if necessary, by the page numbers of articles published in the same journal. Italicize Latin binomials, capitalize German nouns, and insert diacritical marks. List specific pages of books. Refer to the BIOSIS List of Serials (4) for accepted abbreviations of journal names. Do not abbreviate one-word titles of journals. Double-check the accuracy of title abbreviations, page and volume numbers, and dates and check that each reference is cited in text.

Only references generally available through libraries should be listed in Literature Cited. If a work cited is in preparation, submitted but not accepted for publication, or not readily available in libraries, cite the work parenthetically in the text, e.g., (J. Jones, unpublished data) or (J. Jones, personal communication), not in Literature Cited. Obtain written permission from the person(s) cited as the source of unpublished information. A copy of the letter from the person supplying information should be included as an e-mail attachment when submitting a manuscript, or sent to the assigned Senior Editor by fax or mail. To cite an article as in press, you must have a letter of acceptance from a journal or book editor or have a copy of the galley proof for book chapters, bulletins, etc. Avoid excessive reference to unpublished information.

Databases. Accession numbers cited from GenBank, EMBL, and other databases for primary nucleotide or amino acid sequence data must be provided and should be referenced as a footnote at the bottom of the first page, in the figure legends, or in text.

Online publications. For literature citations of publications available or referenced online that were originally published in traditional print form, the original printed version should be cited. Materials originally published online by established sources (the Senior Editor will make the assessment of the online source) should be cited as published online. Citation of online material should include author(s), date, title, publication name or sponsoring organization, and publication number or equivalent identifier (i.e., digital object identifier [DOI] number), if any, e.g., Nadeem, A. 1997. Title. Mol. Plant Pathol. Online publication /1997/0612nadeem. Do not reference the electronic address or filename of the material, because electronic addresses and locations are frequently changed. If information used in text can be found online but is not from an established publication, it should be referenced in text as a personal communication (requiring the same verification from the authors as any other personal communication), e.g., (J. Jones, B. Myers, and P. Johnson, personal communication). Online software, programs, models, etc. that are used to analyze data should be cited in text by referencing the sponsoring organization and program, e.g., NIH Image is available online from the National Institute of Health.

Beginning in 2005, each article appearing in an APS journal has a unique DOI number assigned to it for future reference.

It is the policy for APS journals to make changes to online pdf files if an error occurs that requires publication of an erratum for that article. A note will appear at the end of the revised file to describe the change.

Cite tables in numeric order in the manuscript. Tables should be intelligible without reference to the text or another table. Do not repeat data in the text that are given in a table or figure. The title should summarize the information presented in the table without repeating the subheadings. Subheadings should be brief.

Tables are used to present precise numerical data that show comparisons or interrelationships. The minimum number of columns is two. Lists should be incorporated into the text. Nonessential details should be omitted. Numbers should be rounded to significant digits. Ditto marks should not be used. Abbreviations are acceptable; explain any nonstandard abbreviations in footnotes. Footnotes are designated with superscript lowercase letters. Vertical and horizontal rules and bold type are not allowed in data fields.

General. Each submitted illustration should be labeled with the figure number, author’s name, and Phytopathology. If the original figure is a hard copy, it must be scanned and converted into a PDF file. Captions should describe the contents so each illustration is understandable when considered apart from the text. Cite all figures in numeric order in the manuscript.

Numbers and lettering should be in a 10-point sans serif type (Helvetica preferred) and bold; capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in each label. Panel designations—A, B, C, etc.—should be uppercase letters in an 18-point sans serif type that matches the font used for the rest of the labeling. Keep font sizes consistent among figures.

Figures should be sized to fit one (88 mm) or two columns (183 mm); maximum height is 250 mm, including caption.

Line drawings. Affix index marks to ordinates and abscissae. Avoid too bold lettering, numbers, and lines for coordinate axes and curves. Graphs should be “boxed” with tic marks on axes as needed. Use solid black or white or hatch or stripe patterns in bar graphs (Fig. 1); shaded columns do not reproduce well, either becoming “muddy” and indistinguishable or fading to white. Use solid black and white symbols; shaded or screened rules and symbols will not reproduce.

Only standard symbols (boxes, circles, triangles) or other typographic elements should be used. If necessary, please provide a key to any symbols as part of the figure (Fig. 2). Only standard symbols can be reproduced in captions and may change in conversions. Portions of a composite line drawing or graph should be provided as a single illustration.

Digital image file specifications. Digital files must conform to the following specifications. Files must be saved in .tif, .eps, or .jpg format for IBM PC or in .tiff, .pict, .jpeg, or .eps format for Macintosh. If high-resolution image files cannot be provided in the formats listed above, we are sometimes able to convert image files generated with MS Office programs or images embedded in text documents into the proper format.

Image resolution must be at least 360 ppi (600 ppi is preferred for line art and figures with text) at the final printed image size. One-column images must have a minimum of 1,260 pixels in width and two-column images a minimum of 2,610 pixels. If the final printed image size is unknown, size the image at a larger final print size, maintaining the required resolution, and APS will down­sample the image to fit the final print dimensions (to maintain quality, APS cannot enlarge a digitized image). Black-and-white images must be saved as grayscale images. Color images should be saved in CMYK mode.

Photographs should be cropped at right angles to show essential details. Scale bars should be inserted to indicate magnification. Images should be clear and of high quality. Poor alignment, blurred lines, or out-of-focus letters and symbols are not acceptable.

Color illustrations. Color figures may be used. The cost of color reproduction must be paid by the authors (for current costs, see the Page Charges section above). If you have questions regarding figures, please contact Patti Ek at pek@scisoc.org.

Illustrations (photographs, drawings, or diagrams) from an article or related to an article may be submitted for consideration for the journal cover. Such figures should be submitted through Manuscript Central as Supplemental material and labeled as cover art followed by a caption.

Nucleotide and amino acid sequences may be supplied as computer files in addition to the hard copy. These should be prepared at a maximum of 100 characters per line.

1. American Phytopathological Society Committee on the Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases. 2004. Common Names of Plant Diseases. Published online by The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
2. Anonymous. (Current) Farm Chemicals Handbook. Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, OH.
3. ASA, CSA, and SSA. 1988. Publications Handbook and Style Manual. ASA, CSA, and SSA, Madison, WI.
4. BIOSIS. (Current) Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Database. BIOSIS, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Budavari, S. 1989. The Merck Index. 11th ed. Merck & Co., Rahway,
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6. CBE Style Manual Committee. 1994. Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
7. Dodd, J. S., ed. 1986. The ACS Style Guide. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
8. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Regulation Division. (Current) Acceptable Common Names and Chemical Names for the Ingredient Statement on Pesticide Labels. EPA, Washington, DC.
9. Farr, D. A., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P., and Rossman, A. Y. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
10. Gilligan, C. A. 1986. Use and misuse of the analysis of variance in plant pathology. Pages 225-261 in: Advances in Plant Pathology, vol. 5. Academic Press, New York.
11. Hawksworth, D. L., Kirk, P. M., Sutton, B. C., and Pegler, D.N. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th ed. CAB International, Wallingford.
12. International Union of Biochemistry. 1984. Enzyme Nomenclature 1984. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
13. Johnson, S. B., and Berger, R. D. 1982. On the status of statistics in phytopathology. Phytopathology 72:1014-1015.
14. King, R. C., and Stansfield, W. D. 1990. A Dictionary of Genetics. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
15. Krieg, N. R., and Holt, J. G. (eds.) 1984. Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology. Vol. 1. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
16. Lewis, R. J., Sr. 1993. Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.
17. Mabberley, D. J. 1987. The Plant-Book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
18. Madden, L. V., Knoke, J. K., and Louie, R. 1982. Considerations for the use of multiple comparison procedures in phytopathological investigations. Phytopathology 72:1015-1017.
19. Mayo, M. A., and Horzinek, M. 1998. A revised version of the international code of virus classification and nomenclature. Arch. Virol. 143:1645-1654.
20. Rieger, R., Michaelis, A., and Green, M. M. 1991. Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular. 5th ed. Springer-Verlag, New York.
21. Skerman, V. B. D., McGowan, V., and Sneath, P. H. A. (eds.) 1980. Approved Lists of Approved Bacterial Names. 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
22. Stenesh, J. 1989. Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
23. Stoetzel, M. B. (ed.) 1989. Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD.
24. Swallow, W. H. 1984. Those overworked and oft-misused mean separation procedures—Duncan’s, LSD, etc. Plant Dis. 68:919-921.
25. Terrell, E. E., Hill, S. R., Wiersema, J. H., and Rice, W. E. 1986. A Checklist of Names of 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. USDA Handb. 505.
26. University of Chicago Press. 1993. The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
27. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. 1999. How to write the names of virus species. Arch. Virol. 144:1041-1042.
28. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Carstens, E., Estes, M., Lemon, S., McGeoch, D., Wickner, R. B., Mayo, M. A., Pringle, C. R., and Maniloff, J. 1999. Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, New York.
29. Webster’s 10th New Collegiate Dictionary. 1994. Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA.