Scientific Program

Plenary

Sunday, August 10, 9:30 - 11:30 a.m.
Plant Health and Security in the Age of Genomics

Why are plant pathogens a potential threat and what can the APS contribute to long-term solutions? The APS 2003 plenary will feature a discussion on APS's role in national initiatives and how these initiatives touch every plant pathologist, including the diagnostic networks, new policies for foreign students and visiting scientists, new regulations and permits, potential publication restrictions, new foci for allocation of federal research dollars, and more.

Elements of the discussion preliminarily include:

1. Plant Pathology and Plant Security. Historical use of plant pathogens as weapons, relevant case studies of non-intentional plant pathogen introductions, discussion of "SWOT" (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats).
2. Genomics and Plant Security. How genomics can help in detection, diagnosis, forensics, and epidemiology of plant pathogens in natural or terror-related outbreaks.
3. The Government's Viewpoint. What issues are at the heart of the administration's concerns and goals?
4. The Security Community's Viewpoint. What issues are at the heart of those charged to protect the United States and its citizens.
5. Scientific Openness and National Security. Issues and progress in finding an appropriate balance.

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Hot Topics

Diseases of Plants

Detection of Plant Pathogens for Biosecurity

Sponsoring Committee: Plant Pathogen and Disease Detection
Organizer: Nancy Robertson, USDA ARS, Palmer, AK
Moderators: Nancy Robertson, USDA, ARS Palmer, AK and Peter Ellis, Phyto Diagnositcs Co. Ltd. North Sannich, BC.

This symposium will present procedures dealing with the detection of plant pathogens that may be implicated in biosecurity. The increased awareness and potentional threat of using plant pathogens for biological weapons have heightened since the "9-11" terrorism attack. In addition to dealing with naturally occuring plant diseases, scientists now need to be prepared to respond quickly for the deliberate use of plant pathogens that destroy economically important crops. As a consequence, in a relatively short time, agricultural scientists have gathered together to strategically focus on methods of early detection, rapid diagnosis, and recovery for crop biosecurity. The session will begin with a detailed approach on forensics. The next speaker will present methods on how to rapidly detect and accurately identify pathogens. Advances in serological methods and the development of nuclei acid-based techniques for new assays will be discussed. The third presentation will explain how the highest-priority pathogens are selected by introducing the current development and application of methods to rate the relative threats posed to U.S. agriculture by new and emerging pathogens. The "Educate to detect" presentation will give emphasis on the first responder, leading into a dialog on the recognition, diagnosis, and response of several specific threat pathogens. This program will close with and open discussion.

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Molecular/Cellular Plant-Microbe Interactions

New Functional Genomics Approaches to Plant Pathology Research

Sponsoring Committee: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Biology
Organizer: Andrew Bent, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Methods often drive our ability to productively investigate scientific questions. Speakers will discuss newer genome-scale molecular genetic methods and their use in understanding plant-pathogen interactions. Scheduled subjects include uses of pathogen genome sequence to discover fungal and bacterial virulence factors, studies of plant resistance gene analogs, use of expression profiling to investigate host defense processes, and use of virus-induced gene silencing and other reverse genetics methods to study the function of plant genes. Speakers will discuss pros and cons of these methods and how they might be adapted for use with other species.

Genomic analysis of fungal plant pathogens. B.G. TURGEON. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Use of the P. syringae genome sequence to discover bacterial virulence effector proteins. X. TANG. Kansas State University, Manhattan

Virus-induced gene silencing and plant reverse genetics. S.P. DINESH-KUMAR. Yale University, New Haven, CT

Expression profiling and related approaches to dissect plant disease resistance. A. BENT. University of Wisconsin, Madison

Functional studies of plant resistance gene analogs. B. MEYERS. University of Delaware, Newark

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Professionalism/Service/Outreach

The National Plant Pest and Disease Diagnostics Network (NP2D2N): A Federal-State Partnership for Homeland Security

Sponsoring Committee: Extension
Organizer: Kitty Cardwell, USDA CSREES, Washington, DC

In 2002 the National Plant Pest and Disease Diagnostic Network was established for homeland security of agricultural production. The network has developed substantially in one year. This session will serve as an update and forum for further thinking on the best way to achieve the objectives of the network. This symposium describes component systems of the network that must function in order for the network to be operational. There are many operational details within these sessions that need airing and input from the disciplinary communities and that will be involved in implementation. This session is a must for experts in exotic pathogens and pests, diagnosticians, extension scientists, and epidemiologists.

Sustainable governance and funding for NP2D2N. R. ZEIGLER (1), K. Cardwell (2), and C. O'Hern (3). (1) Kansas State University, Manhattan; (2) USDA CSREES, Washington, DC; (3) APHIS, Riverdale, MD

Developing education curricula for plant protectionists. G. Wisler (1), S. Caine (2), and P. Goodel (3). (1) University of Florida, Gainesville; (2) Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; (3) University of California, Parlier

Functioning data systems and network integration. E. Luke (1), T. Baldwin (2), H. Beck (3), T. Tyler (4), and J. Pheasant (1). (1) Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; (2) Kansas State University, Manhattan; (3) Florida State University, Gainesville; (4) University of California, Davis

Functioning diagnostic processes, standard operating procedures, and standardized protocols. R. Loria (1), K. Snover (1), N. Tisserat (2), and L. Levy (3). (1) Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; (2) Kansas State University, Manhattan; and (3) USDA APHIS, Beltsville, MD

Functioning automated data analysis processes for event detection. C. Thomas (1), R. Bostock (1), and E. Luke (2). (1) University of California, Davis; (2) Purdue University, West Lafayette

Functioning response activation and decision support mechanisms. R. Hammerschmidt (1) and D. Feiselmann (2). (1) Michigan State University, East Lansing; (2) USDA CPHST, Raleigh, NC

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Science and the Legal System: When Worlds Collide

Organizers: Tim Gottwald, USDA ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL, and Randy Ploetz, University of Florida, Homestead

As science and technology develop at an ever-faster pace, the interface between law and science has become increasingly complex. Unfortunately, scientists are generally ill prepared to interact with the legal system, and judges often have little training that would enable them to evaluate scientific testimony. Since the democratic American law process often relies on nonexperts (judges and juries) to make decisions, scientifically inappropriate rulings can be made. Some of the issues of concern are scientific ethics versus adversarial testimony in court, the inaccurate portrayal of science in the press, public mistrust of scientific results, publication policy, challenges to anonymous peer review, and the freedom of information act versus intellectual property. The symposium is designed to inform APS members of conflicts that scientists face in the legal system, and how law evaluates scientific evidence. The symposium will end with an open discussion to explore what APS and other scientific societies can do to protect and support research and researchers.

An overview of science/legal conflicts raised by citrus canker research and eradication. T. GOTTWALD. USDA ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL

Releases of recombinant ice nucleation deficient bacterial mutants into the field encounter regulatory, legal, and societal impediments. S. LINDOW. University of California, Berkeley

Overview of the challenges and conflicts of a new pathogen Phytophthora ramorum between researcher, regulator, the public and politicians. M. STANLEY. California Department of Forestry, Sacramento

Navigating the scientific and legal reefs and shoals on the way to establishing sound and effective regulatory programs. S. POE. USDA APHIS, Riverdale, MD

The intersectionality of law and science. S. FRIEDLAND. Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL

Science and law: Different paths to a just result. Judge H. PITLUCK. 19th Judicial Circuit Court of Lake and McHenry Counties, Woodstock, IL

The role of professional societies in legal conflicts. J. MACDONALD. University of California, Davis

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Special Sessions by Topic

Biology of Plant Pathogens

4th I.E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium

Novel Approaches to Minimizing the Global Impact of Toxigenic Fungi
Sponsoring Committee: Mycotoxicology
Presiding: Art Schaafsma, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, Canada

The 4th annual I.E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium will feature selected papers by graduate students in the field of mycotoxicology.

Discovery of toxigenic groups of Fusarium by conventional and real-time PCR. A.C. BILY. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Identification and subsequent characterization of regulatory genes involved in fumonisin biosynthesis during colonization of the maize kernel by Fusarium verticillioides. J. FLAHERTY, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Use of RNAi and a model system towards the control of toxigenic fungi. T.M. HAMMOND. University of Wisconsin, Madison

Novel approaches to minimizing the global impact of toxigenic fungi-Eliminating anti-mammalian toxin genes in the endophytes of forage grasses. C. MACHADO. University of Kentucky, Lexington

Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in corn silage. M.A. NAGY. Pennsylvania State University, University Park

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Mechanisms of Fungal Speciation

Sponsoring Committee: Mycology
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Genetics
Organizers: Stephen Goodwin, USDA ARS, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, and Lisa Vaillancourt, University of Kentucky, Lexington

This symposium will discuss recent progress on understanding the mechanisms by which new fungal species are generated. These include interspecific hybridization, changes in mating-type genes, and the development of other mechanisms of reproductive isolation.

Hybridization is the origin of new species of Phytophthora. D.E.L. COOKE. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland

Hybridization and reticulated speciation in Epichloe/Neotyphodeum. C.L. SCHARDL. University of Kentucky, Lexington

Speciation and change in mating type genes in the Pleosporales. M.L. BERBEE. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Role of geographic versus niche specialization in speciation of basidiomycetes. R. VILGALYS. Duke University, Durham, NC

Geographic distribution, plant domestication, and host specialization in ascomycete speciation. L.M. KOHN. University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada

Mechanisms of reduced gene flow and speciation mechanisms in Cronartium. R.C. HAMELIN. Laurentian Forestry Center, Ste-Foy, QC, Canada

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Risks and Impacts of Emerging Mycotoxin Problems in Agricultural Products

Sponsoring Committee: Mycotoxicology
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Mycology
Organizer: Gary Munkvold, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Johnston, IA

The quality and safety of food and other agricultural products is under increasing scrutiny. This has revealed previously unreported mycotoxins and enhanced knowledge of the occurrence and impacts of known mycotoxins. What is the nature of these emerging mycotoxins and do they pose significant risks? In this session speakers will address novel mycotoxin problems in corn grain and silage, wheat, grapes, and other crops, and present results on the occurrence of and risks associated with these toxic compounds from pathogenic fungi.

Fusaproliferin and beauvericin in corn. A. LOGRIECO. Inst. Sci. Food Prod., Bari, Italy

Mycotoxins in corn silage. G. KULDAU. Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Ochratoxins in wine. P. BATTILANI. University of Placenza, Placenza, Italy

Ochratoxins in cereal crops. J. RICHARD. Romer Labs, Union, MO

Alternaria toxins in nuts and other crops. B. PRYOR, University of Arizona, Tucson

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Virus Evolution

Sponsoring Committee: Virology
Organizers: Ulrich Melcher, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, and William Schneider, USDA ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD

Viruses have a tremendous capacity to evolve rapidly, making the development of stable resistance a difficult task, and emerging and re-emerging plant viruses are regularly reported. This symposium will feature cutting-edge evolution research and insight into the evolution and emergence of important viral diseases, such as citrus tristeza and tomato spotted wilt.

Evolutionary biology of Tomato spotted wilt virus. J. MOYER. North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Sequence space explored by a Wheat streak mosaic virus population. D. STENGER. USDA ARS, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

The role of aphid transmission in genetic diversity and evolution of Citrus tristeza virus. D. ULLMAN. University of California, Davis

Evolutionary biology of geminiviruses. J. BROWN. University of Arizona, Tucson

Complexity of natural populations of Cucumber mosaic virus in California. H. LIN (1) and B. Falk (2). (1) York University, Toronto, CA, and (2) University of California, Davis

Host adaptation and memory in Plum pox potyvirus populations. W. SCHNEIDER. USDA ARS, Fort Detrick, MD

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Diseases of Plants

Biodiversity to Counter Bioterrorism

Sponsoring Committee: Graduate Student
Organizer: Zahi Kanaan-Atallah, Washington State University, Pullman

Fears of pathogenic germ releases in the agricultural world have resurfaced lately amid an all-out war on terrorism. Regulations on the means to prevent the accidental or deliberate import and release of such organisms exist in many countries. Nevertheless, in several instances, pathogens of all natures (fungal, bacterial, etc.) have crossed oceans through natural or unintentional means and entered the United States, causing financial damage to the American agriculture and, subsequently, to consumers in the entire world. As the world moves from autarchy to openness, knowledge from all directions will need to be directed toward ensuring the stability of one of the major pillars of the economy, agriculture. Whether brought about by malicious minds or the recklessness or ignorance of citizens, new germs can potentially have a detrimental effect on the stability of food production and subsequently on prices, thus heavily impacting the United States and world economies. Decades of studies on flora biodiversity have generated a wealth of knowledge about earth's riches. Utilizing such resources in the quest of combating bioterrorist or accidental germ releases is of prime importance in preserving food safety, economic wealth and rural communities. Can such knowledge help counter as opposed to prevent? Can biodiversity be hijacked by creating better-adapted and more potent pathogens? Can we predict the spread of pathogens and foresee ways to tame and control gently, without adversely impacting the environment and the economy? These are questions that our panel of speakers will deal with, sharing their expertise and proposing their views for a more sound and sustainable agricultural counter-terrorism.

Genetic/molecular modifications in agricultural systems: Help or hindrance in the age of bioterrorism. M. DICKMAN. University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Wild cereal species: Sources of genetic diversity for countering bioterrorism threats. B.J. STEFFENSON. University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Relevance of pathogen spread to countering bioterrorism. C.C. MUNDT. Oregon State University, Corvallis

Microbial biodiversity in agricultural systems: General and specific barriers to inoculation. B.B. McSPADDEN GARDENER. Ohio State University, Wooster

Biodiversity of plant pathogens: New obstacles and opportunities. F.M. DUGAN. USDA, Pullman, WA

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New and Old Viruses: Emerging and Re-emerging Threats to U.S.A. Agriculture

Sponsoring Committee: Virology
Organizers: Alexander Karasev, Thomas Jefferson University, Doylestown, PA, and Scott Adkins, USDA ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL

Increasing international travel and trade have made U.S.A. borders more porous and have dramatically increased the risk of introductions of invasive plant pests into agricultural crops. The current system for protecting agricultural industries has been under considerable stress recently, facing an unprecedented number of introductions of exotic pests, including plant pathogenic viruses. Such introductions threaten crops and can hinder national and international agricultural markets and trade. This symposium is intended to provide a forum for discussion of the rationale for threat assessments and to address several specific pathogens being considered as high risk for a wide variety of crops.

Introduction. A.V. KARASEV. Thomas Jefferson University, Doylestown, PA

Rationale for the assessment of threats—A case for citrus pathogens. S.M. GARNSEY and H.W. Browning. University of Florida, Lake Alfred

Plum pox virus in North America: Introduction, epidemiology, eradication, and future outlook. L.E. LEVY. USDA APHIS, Beltsville, MD

TBSV, a new threat to tomato and vegetable production. W. WINTERMANTEL. USDA ARS, Salinas, CA

Tomato spotted wilt virus—A growing problem. T.L. GERMAN. University of Wisconsin, Madison

Emerging virus threats to potato crops—An international perspective. L.F. SALAZAR. International Potato Center, Lima, Peru

Begomovirus diversification and new threats to U.S.A. agriculture. J.K. BROWN. University of Arizona, Tucson

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Oak Disease Threats Worldwide

Sponsoring Committee: Forest Pathology
Co-Sponsoring Committees: Mycology, Diagnostics
Organizers: Jennifer Juzwik, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN, and David Appel, Texas A&M University, College Station

The genus Quercus encompasses over 600 known species of oaks distributed in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The oaks contribute innumerable benefits to societies and play important roles in the healthy functioning of global forest ecosystems. Oaks have historically been considered relatively free of the catastrophic types of diseases that have plagued other important tree genera such as elms and chestnuts. However, the list of threatening diseases and reports of significant impact appear to be growing. Such reports include instances of local and regional episodes of oak mortality, outbreaks of new pathogens, the expansion of known pathogens into new areas, and pathogen interactions with other biotic and abiotic factors. With the globalization of political, economic, and social activities comes the potential for these new diseases to spread into regions with potentially disastrous results. The intense interest developing around the issues of invasive species and threats to biodiversity, as well as concern over recent intensification of oak mortality has stimulated the Forest Pathology Committee to organize this symposium. Domestic and international forest pathologists have been invited to describe and explain the occurrence of several new epidemics of oaks that are causing great concern in their respective areas. Also, updates will be given on the status of some extremely virulent, well-known oak pathogens. It is the intent of this session to alert natural resource managers and plant pathologists of major current threats to this extremely valuable species group and the steps needed to minimize their impact.

Introduction/synthesis. J. JUZWIK. USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN

The world's oak-dominated ecosystems. R. ROGERS. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point

Phytophthora diseases of oaks. E. HANSEN. Oregon State University, Corvallis

Oak wilt in the U.S.A. (Ceratocystis fagacearum). D. APPEL. Texas A&M University, College Station

Massive mortality of oaks in Japan. S. ITO. Mie University, Mie, Japan

Oak decline in the eastern USA. S. OAK. USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC

European oak decline. T. OSZAKO. Forest Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

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Soybean Rust: Too Close for Comfort

Sponsoring Committee: Regulatory Plant Pathology
Co-Sponsoring Committees: Chemical Control, Plant Disease Losses
Organizer: Gary L. Peterson, USDA ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD

Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi has long been noted as a serious foliar disease of soybean in Asia, Africa, and Australia, with yield losses reported from 10 to 80%. Until recently, P. pachyrhizi had never been reported in the western hemisphere. In 2001, P. pachyrhizi was observed for the first time in South America, notably in Brazil and Paraguay. Known for its rapid, windborne spread potential, the establishment of P. pachyrhizi in the southern hemisphere has attracted the attention of the U.S.A. soybean industry. This symposium will cover the biology of the disease, current status of resistant breeding material, available molecular methods of detection and identification, disease control methods, disease spread and yield loss modeling for the United States, and a presentation of the recently completed USDA Soybean Rust Action Plan. Guest speakers will include Drs. C. Levy and J.T. Yorinori, who will share their personal experiences with the introduction of the disease in Africa and Brazil, respectively.

Overview of the biology, distribution, and history of soybean rust. R.D. FREDERICK. USDA ARS, Fort Detrick, MD

History and current soybean rust resistant breeding programs. G.L. HARTMAN. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL

Research on the efficacy of available fungicides and disease observations in Zimbabwe. C. LEVY. Commercial Farmers Union of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Molecular detection and identification methods for soybean rust. R.D. FREDERICK. USDA ARS, Fort Detrick, MD

Modeling disease establishment and spread potential in the United States. X.B. YANG. Iowa State University, Ames

History of soybean rust in Brazil. J.T. YORINORI. EMBRAPA, Londrina, Brazil

Overview of the "USDA Soybean Rust Action Plan." R.G. SPAIDE. USDA APHIS, Riverdale, MD

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Epidemiology/Ecology/Environmental Biology

Application of Ecological, Molecular, and Epidemiological Models for Risk Assessment of Biotechnology Products

Sponsoring Committee: Biotechnology Impact Assessment
Organizers: Simon F. Shamoun, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, BC, and Forrest W. Nutter, Jr., Iowa State University, Ames

The main concern to both regulatory agencies and the public in using biotechnology products is their threat to nontargets. Recent advances in ecological, molecular, and epidemiological systems have provided reliable tools for studying host-pathogen interaction and allowed biotechnology products to be monitored. This symposium will address the latest research advances in: 1) temporal and spatial models to assess the benefits of transgenic resistance to Soybean mosaic virus; 2) risk assessment of transgenic entomopathogenic nematodes; 3) use of nontoxic and nonpathogenic Trichoderma strains for disease control, enhancement of plant performance and remediation of pollution; 4) applications of GFP reporter genes for ecological studies of fungal biocontrol agents; and 5) ecological and molecular approaches for risk assessment of wide host-range pathogens used as biocontrol agents.

Temporal and spatial models to assess the benefits of transgenic resistance to Soybean mosaic virus. F.W. NUTTER, JR. Iowa State University, Ames

Risk assessment of transgenic entomopathogenic nematodes. C.W. BREY and R. GAUGLER. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ

Use of nontoxic and nonpathogenic s strains for disease control, enhancement of plant performance, and remediation of pollution. G.E. HARMAN. Cornell University, Geneva, NY

Applications of GFP reporter genes for ecological studies of fungal biocontrol agents. D.F. JENSEN. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark

Ecological and molecular approaches for risk assessment of wide host-range pathogens used as biocontrol agents. S.F. SHAMOUN. Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, BC

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Impact of Herbicide-Resistant Crops and Altered Herbicide Use on Soil Microbes and Root Disease

Sponsoring Committee: Soil Microbiology and Root Disease
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Biotechnology Impact Assessment
Organizers: Brantlee Spakes Richter, BBC Laboratories, Inc., Tempe, AZ, and Linda Hanson, USDA ARS, Ft. Collins, CO

One of the goals in the development of herbicide-resistant crops has been to enable farmers to replace some of the more dangerous herbicides in their arsenals with less persistent and less environmentally harmful herbicides. With the increased development and availability of herbicide-resistant crops, use of both the altered plants and their associated herbicides is increasing. Past research has shown that soil microbial populations can be affected by plant species and cultivar and by the addition of particular chemical compounds. This session will explore the effects of herbicide-resistant crops and their associated herbicides on soil microbiology, plant root pathogens, and the occurrence of root disease. It will also include discussion of closely related research on the effects of other modified crops on plant root disease.

Microbial activity and atrazine degradation in soil from mixtures of glyphosate and atrazine. S.A. SENSEMAN (1), L.J. Krutz (1), and R.L. Haney (2). (1) Texas A&M University, College Station; (2) USDA ARS, Temple, TX

Assessment of herbicide effects on the occurrence of root rot diseases on glyphosate tolerant soybeans. X.B. YANG (1) and S. Sanogo (2). (1) Iowa State University, Ames; (2) New Mexico State University, Las Cruces

Root-knot nematode reproduction and root galling severity on some related conventional and transgenic cotton cultivars. P.D. COLYER, T.L. Kirkpatrick, and W.D. Caldwell. Louisiana State University, Red River Research Station, Bossier City

Soil biological processes are influenced by Roundup Ready soybean production systems. R. KREMER. University of Missouri, Columbia

Tentative: Industry perspective

Panel discussion

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Microenvironmental Effects on Gene Regulation of Pathogen Virulence in Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables

Sponsoring Committee: Postharvest Pathology
Organizers: Wojciech Janisiewicz, USDA ARS, Kearneysville, WV, and James McEvoy, USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD

Virulence of plant pathogens is influenced by many factors, including microenvironmental changes that occur during the onset and progression of disease. Diseases of fruits and vegetables provide convenient and relevant models for investigation of this virulence modulation phenomenon. This symposium is designed to reflect the present understanding of the roles of microenvironmental pH changes of host tissues in regulating pathogen virulence. Several examples of diseases will be presented with an emphasis on the various mechanisms responsible for the alteration of host tissue pH. In addition, the genetic basis for the modification of virulence gene expression via pH signaling will be discussed.

Possible factors involved in virulence of postharvest pathogens. D. PRUSKY. Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

Virulence factors involved in apple decay by Penicillium expansum and Colletotrichum acutatum. J.L. McEVOY. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD

Environmental pH regulation of pathogenic gene expression in Sclerotinia. J. ROLLINS. University of Florida, Gainesville

Modulation of plant cell death for disease protection against necrotrophic pathogens and abiotic stress. M. DICKMAN. University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Integrated strategies to manage postharvest diseases of citrus incorporating alkaline bicarbonate-carbonate solutions. J. SMILANICK. USDA ARS, Fresno, CA

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Techniques for Studying the Ecology of Phyllosphere Microorganisms

Sponsoring Committee: Phyllosphere Microbiology
Organizers: Steven Lindow, University of California, Berkeley, and Walter Mahaffee, USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR

This symposium will address modern methodologies for studying plant-associated bacteria. An emphasis will be placed on detailed discussions of the techniques involved, pitfalls in their implementation, and the novel insights that can be gained by their use. A variety of techniques for assessing location, activity, and gene expression of plant-associated microbes will be compared.

Measuring spatial distribution of leaf surface microbes. J.H. ANDREWS. University of Wisconsin, Madison

Flow cytometry for assessing number and gene activity of leaf surface bacteria. G.A. BEATTIE. Iowa State University, Ames

Development of laboratory models of the phyllosphere environment: What works and what doesn't work. G.A. SUNDIN. Michigan State University, East Lansing

Assessing genetic diversity of phyllosphere bacteria. B. McSPADDEN GARDENER. Ohio State University, Wooster

Assessing gene expression in phyllosphere bacteria. J.H.J. LEVEAU. CTO-NIOO-KNAW, Heteren, Netherlands

Identification of genes expressed selectively on plants using in vivo expression technologies. M. MARCO, NIZO Food Research, Ede, Netherlands

Can we count? Estimating microbial populations on plant surfaces. W. MAHAFFEE. USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR

Applying microscopy to monitor population dynamics and microbial interactions on leaves. M. BRANDL. USDA ARS, Albany, CA

Statistical interpretation of estimates of leaf surface microbial population estimates; challenges in quantitative sampling and analysis of populations of plant-associated bacteria. L. KINKEL. University of Minnesota, St. Paul

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Understanding Population Genetics and Its Implications in Plant Disease Epidemiology

Sponsoring Committee: Epidemiology
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Forest Pathology
Organizers: Sarah Pethybridge, University of Tasmania, Burnie, TAS, Australia, and Nik Grunwald, USDA ARS, Prosser, WA

This symposium will illustrate how detailed knowledge about population genetics using molecular tools can enhance our understanding of the epidemiology of pathosystems. This session will feature illustrations from both agricultural and forestry scenarios.

Monitoring the spread and continuing evolution of Dutch elm disease pathogens through ecological and population genetics. C.M. BRASIER. Forestry Research Branch, Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom

Exploring the relationship between alleles and epidemics: The case of potato late blight. N. GRUNWALD. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA

Integrating molecular and phenotypic analyses of plant pathogen populations. C. MUNDT, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Molecular markers: An essential part of the epidemiologist's toolkit? T. PEEVER. Washington State University, Pullman

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Molecular/Cellular Plant-Microbe Interactions

Animal and Plant Pathogens Shared Strategies

Sponsoring Committee: Genetics
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Biochemistry, Physiology and Molecular Biology
Organizers: Xianming Chen, USDA ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, and Scott Gold, University of Georgia, Athens

This symposium will present recent discoveries of common mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions in both animal and plant pathosystems. Topics include common strategies used by animal and plant pathogens in pathogenicity and similarities in disease resistance in animal and plant hosts. This symposium will provide an overview of host-pathogen interactions by comparing animal and plant pathogens and will promote research for better understanding of plant-pathogen interactions by utilizing knowledge and technology from research on animal-pathogen interactions.

Common mechanisms for pathogens of plants and animals. L.G. RAHME. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

RNA silencing as an antiviral defense in plants and animals. S.W. DING. University of California, Riverside

Brucella comparative and functional genomics: Similarities between Brucella and plant pathogens. I.T. PAULSEN. TIGR, Rockville, MD

AT-hook motif-containing proteins in the regulation of transcription of pathogenesis-related genes in the non-host resistance response of peas and on multiple cellular activities in animal cells. L.A. HADWIGER. Washington State University, Pullman

Type III protein secretion: A common strategy for bacterial infection of plant and animal hosts. S.Y. HE. Michigan State University, East Lansing

Bacterial pathogens and symbionts of nematodes and their role in the evolution of parasitism. D.M. BIRD. North Carolina State University, Raleigh

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Comparative Genomics: Insights into the Biology of Plant-Associated Bacteria

Sponsoring Committee: Bacteriology
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Biological Control
Organizers: Joyce Loper, USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR, and Linda Thomashow, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA

This session will feature two pairs of bacteria that are taxonomically related but which differ in having either pathogenic or beneficial associations with the host plant. Speakers will discuss how knowledge of the genomic sequence of these bacteria provides insight into their pathogenic or beneficial interactions with the host plant.

Genomics of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. D. WOOD. University of Washington, Seattle

Genomics of Sinorhizobium meliloti. M. KAHN. Washington State University, Pullman

Genomics of Pseudomonas syringae. J. ALFANO. University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Genomics of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. J. LOPER (1), I. Paulsen (2), L. Thomashow (3), L.S. Pierson III (4), D. Kobayashi (5), E. Pierson (4), C. Press (1), and D. Mavrodi (6). (1) USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR; (2) TIGR, Rockville, MD; (3) USDA ARS, Pullman, WA; (4) University of Arizona, Tucson; (5) Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; (6) Washington State University, Pullman

Discussion. L. THOMASHOW, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA

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New Developments in Begomovirology

Sponsoring Committee: Virology
Organizer: Judith K. Brown, University of Arizona, Tucson, and Robert L. Gilbertson, University of California, Davis

Current research in begomovirology is yielding timely information about the cellular and molecular biology of begomovirus pathogenesis, revealing mechanisms involved in virus-plant host interactions, including replication, transcription, translation, cell-to-cell and long distance movement, and particle assembly. Further, studies are underway to identify host and viral genes involved in the disease resistance response that will be applicable to the development of virus resistant cultivars. Sequence databases have been compiled that underscore the diversity and nearly global distribution of begomoviruses and their whitefly vector in the subtropics. Novel intramolecular interactions have been discovered between begomoviruses and unrelated viruses, and a group of novel satellite DNAs associated with certain begomoviral genomes that are required for symptom expression, and possibly viral host range as well. New discoveries in virus-vector interactions will pave the way for a better understanding of co-evolved, inter-kingdom interactions operational in the whitefly-begomovirus transmission pathway. The intent of this symposium is to illustrate some of the newest research developments in involving the species Begomovirus, family: Geminiviridae.

Multiple roles for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus coat protein. Y. GAFNI. The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

Movement of proteins and processes. R.L. GILBERTSON. University of California, Davis

Geminiviruses and the plant cell cycle. L. HANLEY-BOWDOIN. North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Iterons and elements involved in virus replication. R. RIVERA-BUSTAMANTE. CINVESTAV IPN, Irapuato, Mexico

Host factors involved in begomovirus-induced gene silencing and symptom development formation. N. ROBERTSON. North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Tomato golden mosaic virus AL3 gene and its regulation. G. SUNTER, University of Texas, San Antonio

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Plant Disease Management

Application of Biotechnology for Disease Control in Developing Countries

Sponsoring Committee: Biotechnology Impact Assessment
Organizers: Roger Hull, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom, and Amy Charkowski, University of Wisconsin, Madison

The focus of this session is diseases that present serious problems in developing countries. Presentations will address specific issues that developing countries face in areas such as disease control, the application of biotechnology to breeding, diagnostics for detection, and biosafety and intellectual property. Practical examples of the application of biotechnology in solving disease problems in developing countries will also be presented.

Application of and obstacles to biotechnology in tropical agriculture. C. FAUQUET. Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO

GM approaches to disease control in developing countries. R. ZEIGLER. Kansas State University, Manhattan

Diagnostics for diseases in developing countries. J. CARAM DE SOUZA-DIAS. Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Biosafety issues in technology uptake in developing countries. R. HULL. John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom

Intellectual property issues in technology uptake in developing in developing countries. A. KRATTIGER. BioDevelopment-International Institute, Ithaca, NY

Practical example of solving a developing country crop problem using biotechnology. R. GILBERTSON. University California, Davis

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Biology and Management of Turfgrass Anthracnose

Sponsoring Committee: Turfgrass Pathology
Organizers: Frank Wong, University of California, Riverside, and Eugene Milus, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Turfgrass anthracnose has been an emerging disease on turfgrass for several years. This session will provide an overview of the pathogen that causes this disease. Presentations will also address what is known and not known about turfgrass anthracnose and the best strategies for its control.

Anthracnose: An emerging problem in turf. F. WONG. University of California, Riverside

Biology and genetics of Colletotrichum graminicola. L. VAILLIANCOURT. University of Kentucky, Lexington

Sorghum anthracnose: Lessons learned from a closely-related pathosystem. P. WHARTON. Michigan State University, East Lansing

Phyllogenetic relationship of Colletotrichum graminicola from turf and other graminaceous hosts. J. CORRELL. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Pathogenicity and host specificity of Colletotrichum graminicola. P. LANDSCHOOT. Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Epidemiology of turfgrass anthracnose. J. VARGAS. Michigan State University, East Lansing

Chemical and cultural control of anthracnose. B. CLARKE. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ

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Case Studies of Durable Resistance

Sponsoring Committee: Host Resistance
Organizer: James Kolmer, USDA ARS, St. Paul, MN

This session will be a tribute to the late Dr. Roy Johnson, who originally coined the term "durable" resistance. In this session, four examples of durable resistance will be presented in a broad overview that will examine what characteristics of the disease resistance and pathosystem in general have enabled the resistance to remain effective for an extended period of time.

Introduction. J. KOLMER. USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Durable resistance to rice blast disease-Dream or reality? J. M. BONMAN (1) and H. Lueng (2). (1) USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID; (2) IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines

Durable powdery mildew resistance in spring barley: The story of the mlo-gene. M. LYNGKJAR. RISO, Roskilde, Denmark

Resistance in maize to northern corn leaf blight: A successful endeavor. J.K. PATAKY (1) and J.M. Perkins (2). (1) University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; (2) Monsanto Co., Dekalb, IL

Aspects of durable resistance to leaf and stripe rusts in CIMMYT spring wheat. R. SINGH, J. Huerta-Espino, and M. William. CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico

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Fungicide Modes of Action and Deployment for Resistance Management

Sponsoring Committee: Chemical Control
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Pathogen Resistance
Organizers: David Wedge, USDA ARS, University, MS, and Rami Soufi, Scotts Co., Marysville, OH

This full-day symposium will address new fungicide modes of action and practical guidelines for fungicide usage as related to resistance management. The morning session will begin with a keynote address by Dr. Wolfram Koeller (Cornell University) on the topic of fungicide modes of action. After the morning break, Prof. Ulrich Gisi (Syngenta Crop Protection Research) will present a second keynote address on resistance risk assessment for existing and new fungicides. The afternoon keynote speaker will be Dr. Roger Kaiser (Bayer Crop Science), speaking on the topic of compromises between marketing, politics, and fungicide resistance management. Additional speakers will discuss common elements in fungicide-resistance management for various pathogen/cropping systems, optimization of fungicide efficacy, and resistance-management strategies. The afternoon session will close with an overview of fungicide formulation technology by Dr. Rami Soufi (Scotts Co.).

Part One - Morning Session
Chair: David E. Wedge, USDA-ARS NPURU, University, MS

Fungicide modes of action. W. KOELLER. Cornell University, Geneva, NY

Fungicide adjuvants and their impact on efficacy. L. MARSHALL. Biosorb, Inc., St. Charles, MO

Resistance risk assessment for existing and new fungicides. U. GISI. Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Stein, Switzerland

DMI resistance experiences with powdery mildew on grapes. D. GUBLER. University of California, Davis

Triazoles for brown rot control in the southeastern United States: Prospects and limitations. G. SCHNABEL. Clemson University, Clemson, SC

Research and field experiences with resistance development for fungicides applied for control of gummy stem blight of melons. K. STEVENSON and D. LANGSTON. University of Georgia, Athens and Tifton

The good, bad, and ugly about applying fungicides. P. HAMM. Oregon State University, Hermiston

Part Two - Afternoon Session
Chair: Rami Soufi, Scotts Company; Marysville, OH

Compromises between marketing science and politics in fungicide resistance. R. KAISER. Bayer Crop Science, Research Triangle Park, NC

Global approach to fungicide resistance management. K.-H. KUCK. Bayer Crop Science, AG, Leverkusen, Germany

Efficacy of alternations or mixtures of fungicides for control of powdery mildew on vegetable crops. M. MATHERON. University of Arizona, Yuma

Overview of fungicide formulation technology. R. SOUFI. Scotts Company, Marysville, OH

Practical aspects of fungicide scheduling and problems with meeting resistance management guidelines. J. DAMICONE. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater

Overview of turf fungicides and resistance issues. F. WONG. University of California, Riverside

Novel methods of screening for fungicides. M. TANZER. Paradigm Genetics, Research Triangle Park, NC

Reasons for fewer resistance problems in Virginia tree fruits. K. YODER. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester

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Integrated Management of Tospoviruses and Their Thrips Vectors

Sponsoring Committee: Integrated Pest Management
Organizers: Timur Momol, University of Florida, Quincy, and Albert Culbreath, University of Georgia, Tifton

During the past two decades, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) has been spread around the world mainly by western flower and tobacco thrips, causing millions of dollars in losses to a variety of crops. Epidemics of TSWV have been troublesome throughout the southern United States, reducing yields by 20 to 100% on tomatoes, peanuts, peppers, tobacco, and ornamental crops. Until recently, growers responded by spraying broad-spectrum insecticides in an attempt to control thrips, but the chemicals have failed to prevent transmission of the virus. This symposium will present new developments in the management of this disease and its vector thrips. Tactics discussed will include cultural practices, risk assessment systems, reduced-risk insecticides, and a plant activator that triggers the plant's natural defense system against TSWV.

Moderator. A.K. CULBREATH. University of Georgia, Tifton

Tospoviruses and their diversity. S.T. ADKINS. USDA, Ft. Pierce, FL

Thrips and epidemiology of tomato spotted wilt. G.G. KENNEDY. North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Integrated management of tomato spotted wilt on tomato. M.T. MOMOL, S.M. Olson, J.E. Funderburk, and J.J. Marois. University of Florida, Quincy

Tomato spotted wilt IPM practices and their impact on vegetable production. S.M. OLSON. University of Florida, Quincy

Measuring and avoiding peanut vulnerability to spotted wilt. S.L. BROWN and A.K. Culbreath. University of Georgia, Tifton

INSV and IYSV, the other tospoviruses in the United States. J.W. MOYER (1), J.A. Abad (1), D.E. Ullman (2), and S.K. Mohan (3). (1) North Carolina State University, Raleigh; (2) University of California, Davis; (3) University of Idaho, Parma

Discussion panel. S.A. ALEXANDER. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Painter

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International Programs for Crop Protection in Developing Countries:
Opportunities for Strategic Alliances

Sponsoring Committee: Office of International Programs
Co-Sponsoring Committees: Integrated Pest Management, Seed Pathology, Plant Pathogen and Disease Detection, OPAE
Organizer: Robert Zeigler, Kansas State University, Manhattan

This session will examine a range of highly successful integrated crop protection programs around the world and explore how strategic linkages with APS and its members can be mutually beneficial. Speakers from Asia, Latin America, and Africa will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their programs and suggest concrete mechanisms by which professional societies can create meaningful and effective partnerships with international research and development programs.

The Asian IPM Network: Integrating social and biological sciences. K.L. HEONG. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines

A global IPM partnership between U.S.A. institutions and developing countries. G. NORTON. Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University, Blacksburg

The global initiative on late blight. G. FORBES. International Potato Center, Lima, Peru

A West African program against mycotoxins in maize. K. CARDWELL. USDA CSREES, Washington, DC

Introduced biocontrol agents to combat exotic pests of cassava in West and Central Africa. H. HERREN. ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya

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Moving and Utilizing Plant and Microbial Germplasm:
Navigating the New Biosecurity Regulations

Sponsoring Committee: Collections and Germplasm
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Regulatory Plant Pathology
Organizers: Frank Dugan, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA, and Arnie Tschanz, USDA APHIS, Riverdale, MD

This discussion will be initiated by short presentations from APHIS staff members who will specify regulations, describe the most efficient way to conform to these regulations, and identify whom to contact in case of problems. PPQ permits will constitute a special focus of the session, and other issues addressed include interactions between federal, state, and university personnel, containment facilities, and movement of nursery stock and other higher plant germplasm.

Biosecurity regulations. M. FRIKO. USDA APHIS, Riverdale, MD

Federal-state-university interactions. S. COHEN. USDA APHIS, St. Paul, MN

Moving germplasm of higher plants. A. TSCHANZ. USDA APHIS, Riverdale, MD

Q-37 nursery stock. B. THOMAS. USDA APHIS, Riverdale, MD

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Nature and Application of Biocontrol Microbes: Bacillus spp.

Sponsoring Committee: Biological Control
Co-Sponsoring Committees: Soil Microbiology and Root Diseases, Phyllosphere Microbiology
Organizer: Brian McSpadden Gardener, Ohio State University, Wooster

The activities of pathogens can be attenuated by the presence and activities of other microorganisms. While diverse microbes may contribute to the biological control of plant pathogens, most research and development efforts have focused on isolates of three genera, Bacillus, Trichoderma, and Pseudomonas. To further advance our understanding of the nature of biological control and to improve our ability to successfully integrate biological control into disease management systems, a thorough review of the biology of these genera will be presented. This symposium will be the first in a series and will focus on the genus Bacillus.

Taxonomy of the genus Bacillus. D. FRITZE. GCMCC, Braunschweig, Germany

Physiology and development of sporulation. A. DRIKS. Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL

Ecology of Bacillus spp. in agricultural systems. B. MCSPADDEN GARDENER. Ohio State University, Wooster

Induction of host defenses and plant growth promotion by Bacillus spp. J. KLOEPPER. Auburn University, Auburn, AL

Formulation of Bacillus biocontrol agents. D. SCHISLER. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL

Commercial applications of Bacillus strains. D. KENNEY. Gustafson LLC, Dallas, TX

The role of Bacillus-based biological control agents in integrated pest management systems. B. JACOBSEN. Montana State University, Bozeman

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New Technologies, New Challenges in Managing Diseases of Greenhouse Crops

Sponsoring Committee: Diseases of Ornamental Plants
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Environmental Quality and Plant Health
Organizer: Gary W. Moorman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

The methods used to grow plants in the greenhouse have changed dramatically over the last decade. While some methods lessen the threat of crop losses due to disease, other methods have put crops at greater risk. Speakers will lead the discussion on the challenges we face in implementing plant pathogen monitoring and management practices in order to reduce crop losses.

Water treatments in managing foliar and root pathogens. J.W. BUCK. University of Georgia, Griffin

Tracing the spread of pathogens among and within greenhouses: Phytophthora. M.K. HAUSBECK. Michigan State University, East Lansing

SAR and ISR chemicals. R. HAMMERSCHMIDT. Michigan State University, East Lansing

Microclimate manipulation. S. KHOSLA. OMAF, Harrow, ON, Canada

Fungicide applications in greenhouses. R. DERKSEN and C.R. Krause. Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, Wooster

Potting mix manipulation. H.A. HOITINK. Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, Wooster

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World Trade in Wood - A Pathway for Movement of Exotic Pathogens

Sponsoring Committee: Forest Pathology
Co-Sponsoring Committees: Regulatory Plant Pathology, Diseases of Ornamental Plants
Organizers: Susan Cohen, USDA APHIS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, and Jeff Morrell, Oregon State University, Corvallis

This symposium will address the potential for introduction of new exotic plant pathogens associated with the international movement of wood products as well as the international standards governing the handling of wood products and possible mitigation measures to prevent new introductions.

Detection, identification, and genetics of exotic fungal pathogens. J. WEBBER. Forestry Commission, Farnham, Surrey, UK

Pathways of movement of wood. H. BURDSALL. Fungal and Decay Diagnostics LLC, Black Earth, WI

Current mitigation measures. J. MORRELL. Oregon State University, Corvallis

International harmonization of phytosanitary measures. R. GRIFFIN. IPPC, FAO, Rome, Italy

Regulatory perspective. S. COHEN. USDA APHIS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

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Professionalism/Service/Outreach

Discussion: APS Public Policy Board: Activities, Strategies, and Perspectives

Sponsor: Public Policy Board
Organizer: John L. Sherwood, University of Georgia, Athens

The APS Public Policy Board (PPB) is actively involved in issues related to plant pathology with current emphasis on agrosecurity, genomics, and sustainable agriculture. We hope you will attend this session to learn more about the activities of the PPB and to discuss priorities and strategies for success in addressing issues in public policy that impact plant pathology.

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Discussion: Teachers of Excellence

Sponsoring Committee: Teaching
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Graduate Student
Organizers: Paul Vincelli, University of Kentucky, Lexington, and Melissa Riley, Clemson University, Clemson, SC

Three college teachers from varied disciplines, who are recognized as excellent teachers by their students, will present their thoughts on motivating and exciting students about their discipline and about making a difference in the lives of their students.

Helping students frame agricultural issues in a socially meaningful context. L. GARKOVITCH. University of Kentucky, Lexington

Extreme plant pathology. B. ZETTLER. University of Florida, Gainesville

Creative options for teaching plant pathology. J. WALDVOGEL. Clemson University, Clemson, SC

Discussion

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Non-Science Issues Unique to Private Practitioners

Sponsoring Committee: Private Practice
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Plant Disease Losses
Organizers: Clint Kohls, Plant Pest Authority, Willow Grove, PA, and Carla Thomas, Fieldwise Inc., Bodega Bay, CA

Learn the entrepreneurial side of plant pathology from a diverse set of modern day private practitioners, from getting started in business to growing over time, working with clients, and recognizing opportunities. This discussion session will demonstrate how you can broaden your work horizons, utilize your experiences and knowledge in diverse new ways, and express value in private practice.

Getting started. C. THOMAS. Fieldwise Inc., Bodega Bay, CA

Growing the business. C. SUTULA. Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN

Interfacing with university and regulatory agencies. B. COBB. Cobb Consulting Services, Kennewick, WA

Recognizing opportunities and impediments. F. SANCES. Pacific Ag Group, San Luis Obispo, CA

Insurance for plant pathology. S. FITZSIMMONS. Insurance Corporation of Hannover, Los Angeles, CA

Open discussion and questions. C. KOHLS. Plant Pest Authority, Willow Grove, PA

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Role of Teaching Assistants in Higher Education

Sponsoring Committee: Teaching
Co-Sponsoring Committee: Graduate Student
Organizers: Carol M. Stiles, University of Florida, Gainesville, and George Hudler, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

A panel will lead a discussion of the experiences and issues facing teaching assistants in undergraduate and graduate courses. Panelists include graduate student teaching assistants, faculty, and department and college administrators. Topics will include preparation for the teaching experience, responsibilities and expectations, and appropriate mentoring by faculty to help make the experience successful for all involved.

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Telling Society about Plant Diseases

Sponsoring Committee: OPAE
Organizer: Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY

This session brings together plant pathologists who are committed to effectively communicating information about plant disease to the public. Plant diseases and their implications are utterly mysterious to most Americans who rarely have an opportunity to read about them in magazines or newspapers, or to learn about them on television. At this session you will learn how to communicate issues related to plant disease from the perspectives of a teacher, science writer, and extension pathologists.

Introduction: Outreach and why we need it. M. DAUGHTREY. Cornell University, Riverhead, NY

Teaching plant pathology to liberal arts majors. C. D'ARCY. University of Illinois, Urbana

Green ink: How to convince the press that plant disease matters. K. BROWN. Science Magazine, Alexandria, VA

Televising pest management to friendly gardener audiences. M. DRAPER. South Dakota State University, Brookings

Suddenly oak death: Being a media contact for SOD. M. GARBELOTTO. University of California, Berkeley

Yes, we will have bananas!: Educating the media about the real and imagined impact of banana diseases. R. PLOETZ. University of Florida, Homestead

Oranges and outrage: Reflections on the citrus canker media mayhem. T. GOTTWALD. USDA ARS, Ft. Pierce, FL

Panel discussion

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Town Meeting: Ask the Plant Doctor

Sponsoring Committee: Extension
Co-Sponsoring Committee: OPAE
Organizer: William Turechek, Cornell University, Geneva, NY

Approximately 100 master gardeners from the Charlotte area will be invited to this session. Our objective is to discuss what plant pathology is and what pathologists do. Emphasis will be placed on the importance of plant diseases in today's society. The program will consist of four 15-minute presentations followed by an open forum where the participants will interact with APS plant pathologists. In this forum, they will be asking plant pathologists questions about plant diseases and plant health. Emphasis will be placed on ornamental plants with a home-owner orientation.

What is a plant doctor? W. TURECHEK. Cornell University, Geneva, NY

Diagnosing plant health problems. P. SELLERS. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Principles of plant health management for ornamental plants. M. DAUGHTREY. Cornell University, Riverhead, NY

Plant pathology in North Carolina. C. WARFIELD. North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Open forum

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