Alsup, C.M. 2004. Screening for Active Ingredients in Plant Extracts that Inhibit the Growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0226-01 Revised 2011
Clydette M. Alsup, Department of Agriculture, Missouri State University
Numerous techniques have been devised to prevent bacterial contamination and spread of disease. Methods described by Hauser (5) include physical agents such as heat and ultraviolet light, and chemical agents such as disinfectants and antibiotics. Disinfectants are chemical substances that kill or retard the growth of microorganisms. Antibiotics are substances produced by living microbes that inhibit the growth of microbes (7). Environmental conditions also affect the growth of bacteria. If conditions are not suitable, growth is slow or does not occur at all, and the bacterium may even be killed. Some environmental factors that affect growth are water, food, oxygen, pH and temperature.
Although there are many methods used against bacterial diseases, bacteria are usually very difficult to control (1). Frequently, a combination of several control measures is required to combat a given bacterial disease. Soil infested with plant pathogenic bacteria can be sterilized with steam or dry heat, or with certain chemicals. These techniques, however, are practical only in greenhouses and in small beds or frames. The use of chemicals has been much less successful for the control of bacteria than for the control of fungi. Copper compounds produce the best results against bacteria, but they seldom provide satisfactory control of the disease when environmental conditions favor development and spread of the bacteria. Bacterial strains resistant to copper fungicides are quite common. Copper compounds can also be phytotoxic on certain plant species. Antibiotics have been used against certain bacterial diseases with mixed results. Treatment of plants harboring bacteria has been successful under experimental conditions, but the application of antibiotics has been less successful in practice. Antibiotics are also expensive, and the antibiotics valuable for human therapy are not allowed to be used in agriculture (4).
One bacterial disease of plants, called crown gall, is caused by tumorigenic strains of the Gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The bacterium overwinters in infested soils, where it can live as a saprophyte for several years. When host plants are growing in infested soils, the bacterium enters the roots or stems near the ground through wounds caused by factors such as freeze damage, grafting or mechanical injury. The bacterium finds plants by detecting phenolic substances produced by wounded plant cells (1). Once inside the plant tissue, the bacterium moves from cell to cell, stimulating surrounding host cells to divide at a rapid rate. The bacterium does this by transferring a piece of its own genetic information, or DNA, into the plant cell. This piece of genetic information does not come from the chromosome of the bacterium, but from a separate piece of DNA called a plasmid (3). The A. tumefaciens plasmid is called the tumor-inducing or Ti-plasmid, and the piece of DNA that is transferred to the plant is called the T-DNA. Following transfer to the plant, the T-DNA becomes integrated into the chromosomes of the plant cell (3). Genes on the T-DNA cause the plant cell to divide repeatedly, forming the gall or mass of undifferentiated tissue, and to produce chemicals called opines, which are used by the bacterium as food. The bacterium itself lives and multiplies in the intercellular spaces of the gall (3). Young, soft galls are easily injured and attacked by insects and saprophytic microbes, which cause the outside cell layers to decay and discolor. The breakdown of the gall releases bacteria back into the soil, and the bacteria are free to infect new plants (1).
Symptoms of crown gall are small galls on roots and at the crown of woody plants and some field crops (2). Affected plants may become stunted, produce small, chlorotic leaves, and are more susceptible to adverse environmental conditions, especially winter injury (1). Severely infected plants may die.
Plants representing over 93 plant families are susceptible to crown gall (2). There is no cure for the disease; preventive measures and resistance breeding are the methods now used against A. tumefaciens (L. Kovacs, personal communication). Some strains of A. tumefaciens are sensitive to an antibiotic produced by A. radiobacter, a closely related soilborne bacterium that does not infect plants (2). In some cases, biological control of the disease can be gained by soaking seeds, seedlings or rootstocks in a suspension of A. radiobacter. Unfortunately, some strains of A. tumefaciens are able to develop resistance to the antibiotic produced by A. radiobacter (1).
In this lab, students will simulate tests done to determine whether plants or other substances contain active ingredients against bacterial organisms. Test materials may include local plants and dried herbs known for their ability to control plant pathogens. Also, while there are few substances known to inhibit bacterial growth, there are many substances known to inhibit fungal growth. It is possible that some of those fungal inhibitors could be effective in the control of bacterial infections. The following chemicals and products, many derived from plants, have been effective in inhibiting growth of various pathogenic fungi: sulfur, baking soda, mineral oil, baking soda-mineral oil combination, and Rumex sp. (dock) (8); Azadirachta indica (neem oil), jojoba oil, cinnamon oil, soybean oil, compost tea, Equisetum arvense (horsetail plant) and chlorite mica clay (6); Reynoutria sachalinensis (giant knotweed) and garlic (9). Other ingredients listed on various labels of 'natural' fungicides include: yeast, tea tree oil, citric acid, mint oil, onion exudates, calcium, weak chamomile tea, cloves, black walnut hull powder, golden seal powder, cayenne and calendula. Active ingredients can include antiseptics, astringents, antibiotics and toxins.
Students will collect samples of plants that might inhibit growth of A. tumefaciens. Solutions containing extracts of the plants will be tested for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth by soaking carrot disks in the solutions and then inoculating the disks with A. tumefaciens.
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Inoculum of Agrobacterium tumefaciensCarrotsPlant foliageAlcohol (95% ethanol)Bleach (10% solution)Distilled water (sterile)Petri dishesFilter paper (sterile)Parafilm or Scotch tapePermanent markersMortars and pestles (sterile)Pipettes (sterile)Forceps (sterile)Inoculating loop (sterile)
Identify materials that were screened by students in this laboratory exercise, and rate their effectiveness as inhibitors of crown gall in the following table.
List of Plant Materials
Degree of Sensitivity Rating
Rating of degree of sensitivity0 = no effect (gall formation on most or all of the disk), 1 = slightly effective (more than 1/3 of the disk is covered with gall),2 = effective (less than 1/3 of the disk is covered with gall),3 = highly effective (no gall formation)